Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP: kuphi, izibuyekezo, izithuba

"Sizobe siseKolyma - wamukelekile!" Kuze kube nini le nkulumo yayinezincazelo ezizwakalayo, iphendule ngokuphendula ngokungaqondile: "Cha, kungcono wena kithi." Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, ukuza esifundeni saseMagadan kuyaba imfashini, kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyathandeka. Ngalindelekile, ubuhle obuhle bemvelo enobungozi, ubunikazi benani elincane labantu, futhi abaningi baseRussia baqala ukuvula izwe elikhulu. Kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lesi sifundazwe siqale ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo hhayi kuphela ngenxa yezindleko zamaminerali, kodwa futhi ngenxa yemithombo esetshenzisiwe kanye namandla okuthuthukisa. Ukuqedwa kokwakhiwa kwe-HPP kuMfula i-Kolyma kuzovumela isifunda ukuba sikhangise izimali nokuvula konke okusemandleni esifundeni.

Uphi

I-Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP yakha ukwakhiwa okuyinyakatho enkulu. Indawo ehlala khona eMfuleni iKolyma esifundeni saseMagadan. Iyingxenye ye-Kolyma ukuqhutshwa kwamandla kagesi kagesi. Into ekwakhiwa itholakala ngamakhilomitha angama-217 ngaphansi kweKolyma HPP yamanje futhi isigaba esingaphansi se-cascade iziteshi. Izindlu eziseduzane nedolobha lase-Ust-Srednekan, eliye lashiywa iminyaka eminingana, kunzima ukuyibiza ngokuthi i-settlement. Kubasebenzi nabasebenzi, amahostele amaningana akhiwe endaweni eseduze ne-HPP. Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa nguJSC RusHydro.

I-Kolyma HPP ikhiqiza amaphesenti angu-95 kagesi lonke wesifunda, amandla ayo ayi-900 MW. Lokhu kwanele ukuqinisekisa zonke izidingo zamanje, kodwa hhayi ukuthuthukiswa. I-Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP iklanyelwe ukwandisa inani lamagesi akhiqizwa, okuzovumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsalela zendawo, ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kanye nezidingo. Umthamo wayo wokuklama ungama-570 MW, isizukulwane esiphezulu samandla kagesi singu-2.55 billion kWh.

Umlando

Iprojekthi yesiteshi yasungulwa ngo-1978, futhi ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1990. Umsebenzi wamiswa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-90 ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali. Esikhathini esilandelayo, imali yokwakhiwa yanikezwa kuphela kwisabelomali sesifundazwe, okuyinto into yalesi sikali yayingenakulungiswa. Ukuqala komsebenzi kwenzeka ngo-2005 emva kokuhlola izindleko zezimali zokwakhiwa kwayo kanye nomphumela wezomnotho ngemuva kokuqaliswa. I-tranche yokuqala yokuxhasa imali yamukelwa ngo-2006, evuselele umsebenzi kusayithi.

Ngonyaka we-2008, isitshalo samandla esizayo saba yindawo kaRussiaHydro, eyabangela ukuguqulwa kwenkampani. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, i-HPP yaba yinhlangano esemthethweni ye-JSC Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP. Umsebenzi wawusheshisa kakhulu, futhi ngo-2011 ukulungele kwenkimbinkimbi kwakuyi-86%. Ngo-Septhemba walo nyaka, uMfula iKolyma wavalwa, owaqeda isigaba sokuqala somsebenzi wokwakha. Okwamanje, imishini ifakwa, idamu nezinye izakhiwo zakhiwa.

Izimo zemvelo

Isifunda saseMagadan insimu enesimo sezulu esibi, lapho kubonakala khona izinga lokushisa elibi ekupheleni kukaSeptemba. Umsebenzi wokwakha udinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile, ngoba buqhutshwa ezimweni ezimbi: indawo kwezinye izindawo igxuma kuze kube ngamamitha angu-300 ngokujula. Ukushisa ngokubheka okwenziwa minyaka yonke kuyinto -12 ° C, irekhodi lokushisa kukaJanuwari ngu -62 ° C, izinga lokushisa lokuphakathi phakathi nobusika ngu -38 ° C. Lesi sifundazwe sisezindaweni zomsebenzi omkhulu wokuzamazama komhlaba.

Inhloko-dolobha yesifunda kanye nomthengi omkhulu wamandla esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuyoba iMagadan. I-Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP (ibanga eliya emlonyeni woMlambo i-Kolyma liyi-1,677 km) lizoba ngumthengisi omkhulu wezandla. Emayelana nesiteshini, ngenkathi izindawo ezingahlali kuyo, kusukela emgwaqweni omkhulu "Kolyma" entweni, udinga ukushayela u-40 km.

Phakathi kwezitimela ezimbili ezishaya umfula ugcwala amanani amaningi, inani lamanzi lalingu-4.5 km³. Ezinyangeni ezifudumele zonyaka kunezikhukhula ezimbili ezinkulu: entwasahlobo nasezikhathi zonyaka-ekwindla. Ukuphakama kwamanzi amaningi esikhathini sokukhukhula kungama-17,900 m³ ngomzuzwana (obhalwe ngo-1939). Ebusika, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwehla kakhulu ngenxa yezimo zezulu futhi angeke kube ngaphezu kuka-5 m³ ngomzuzwana. Izindleko ezilinganisiwe zesiteshini ngu-33 300 m³ ngomzuzwana.

Ukuklama kwesiteshi

I-Ust-Kolymskaya HPP inesixazululo esikhulu sokuklama - yisikhungo esiphezulu se-medium-pressure. Isakhiwo sendawo sihlanganisa:

• Idamu lomhlaba (ubude - amamitha angu-2100, ukuphakama endaweni ephakeme - amamitha angu-66).
• Idamu lokunethezeka (ubude - amamitha angu-325, ukuphakama - amamitha angu-74).
• Indawo yokuhlala - indawo engu-265 m ² , ivolumu - 5.4 km ³ , ivolumu ewusizo - 2.57 km ³ ).
• Ukukhukhula kwamasimu ezolimo kuzoba ngamahektha angu-40, azikho izindawo zokuhlala endaweni yezikhukhula.
• Inhloko yesikhungo samandla kagesi ngamanzi angama-2.5 km.

Idamu

Amaminithi amabili esiteshini awenza phambili amanzi angamanye. Idamu lomhlaba liyatheliswa emxubeni wenhlabathi oqukethe ishlabathi namatshe. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-33.5, kudala ikhanda eliphansi lokusebenza lamanzi ukuze kusetshenziswe okwesikhashana amayunithi amabili asele ahlinzekwa ngamanzi kagesi.

Idamu lesibili le-Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP (325 metres) liqukethe izingxenye ezintathu:

• Ukukhishwa kwamanzi okudoba;
• Isiteshi;
• Izithulu.

Njengoba isiteshi samandla kagesi sakhiwe ezindaweni ezimnyama, ezindaweni lapho umhlabathi ukhululekile khona, isikrini sokulwa nokuhlunga senziwa kuphela ngemva komsebenzi ekudutsheni kwamatshe. Ukujula kwamabhukimakhi ngamamitha angu-25, ekujuleni kokubhujiswa kwe-tectonic ukujula kungafinyelela amamitha ayi-100.

Idamu le-spillway linikeza ukugeleza kwamanzi okungaba ngu-17 200 m³ ngomzuzwana, ukukhishwa kwenziwa emanzini (ubude - amamitha angu-168,5, ububanzi - 147 amamitha). Idamu lamasiteshi linamanzi okudla kanye nezigaba ezine. Ubude beli damu ngamamitha angu-96, ububanzi - amamitha angu-57, ukuphakama ngamamitha angu-70. I-front ne-shore ixhunywe ngodamu lokukhonkolo, ubude obungama-105 amamitha.

Inkambo yomsebenzi

Ngo-2011, umfula wawuvinjelwe, okwakubekwe kuwo ama-cubes angama-concrete ayi-2000, ngalinye linamathani ayisishiyagalombili. Ngo-2013, izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala zamakhemikhali ezakhiwa phansi, zaqala ukusebenza, ukwakhiwa komshini wokucindezela, idamu lomhlaba laqhubeka, umsebenzi wawuqhubeka ukulungiselela ukwethulwa kweyunithi yesithathu yamanzi.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba, 2016, e-Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP, ukufakwa kwezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe zeyunithi ye-hydroelectric yaqedwa, i-turbine ngokwayo isivele isendleleni futhi ilandela isitimela. I-turbine efomini ehlukumezekile ifanele emotweni yezimpahla ezingu-50. Ezinye zezingxenye zalo sezivele zifike eMagadan.

Umenzi we-engineering hydraulic yinkampani yaseRashiya - ukukhathazeka kwamandla Amandla. Amandla we-turbine yamanzi ayi-142.5 MW. Isikhungo sokuqala se-hydraulic sezokuqala sizobe sinywe ngamandla namakhono omhlinzeki wezochwepheshe. Manje isiteshi sinamayunithi amabili okwesikhashana okwama-hydroelectric. Okwamanje kukhona ukukhishwa kwesayithi, okuzodinga cishe ama-cubic amamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-3 zenhlanganisela.

Umsebenzi wenziwa ngokuqondile ngokwemigomo, abakhi bazama ukwenza okuphezulu, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa kunendawo lapho i-Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP itholakala khona. Izithombe zezakhiwo kanye nezwe elizungezile liqhathanisa ngokubambisana, kubonisa amandla emvelo nemizamo yabantu yokuyithinta. Ukwethulwa kwesiteshi kuhleliwe ngo-2018.

Umphumela wezomnotho

Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP emva kokuqaliswa kuzosiza ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi:

• Ukwandisa amandla ebusika kaKolyma HPP ngo-102 MW.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kweNatalika Mining (igolide lezimayini) nokwakha izindawo zokuthuthukisa amabhizinisi amaminerali ahleliwe.
• Ukulawula ukuhamba namanzi angenayo ngesikhathi sezamcolo.
• Qinisekisa ukuphepha kwamandla wonke wesifunda saseMagadan, ikakhulu ebusika.
• Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwephethiloli engenisiwe ngenxa yokwenqaba ukwakha iziteshi ezishisayo. Lokhu kuzokwenyuka ukunciphisa umthwalo emvelweni.
• Ukunciphisa izindleko zikagesi, okuzokwenza ukunciphisa izindleko ngo-38-50%.
• Dala imisebenzi, uthuthukise ukuphepha komphakathi kwezakhamuzi futhi unciphise ukufuduka kwabantu, uphakamise izinga lokuphila.

Ukubuyekeza

Imiklamo yokwakha emikhulu eyenziwa eminyakeni yamuva ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseRussia isiqinisekisile ngisho nabangaboni ukuthi ikhono lezwe lixazulula izinkinga zalo futhi zakha ikhono layo lokukhiqiza. Ingxenye yamaphrojekthi athembisayo yi-Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP. Amazwana avela kubhalisi abavakashele isayithi nabantu abavamile banomdlandla kuphela. Cishe bonke baveza ithemba lokuthi isifunda saseMagadan nayo yonke indawo yaseKolyma izoqala ukuthola indaba ehlukile, hhayi embi kakhulu, ngokusekelwe ezindabeni zekamu.

Ukubuyekezwa komqashi uPJSC Kolymaenergo (insizakalo yePJSC RusHydro) bambalwa. Mhlawumbe, ngoba isimo esifundeni saseKolyma ne-intanethi siyadabukisa. Labo abahlukumezekile ukubhala isibuyekezo, bakhulume ngezici zombili ezimbi futhi ezihle zomsebenzi ebhizinisini.

Ngokwemibandela engalungile ayiyona inkokhelo ephakeme kakhulu, okuyinto eyanciphisa kakhulu isifiso sokufaka izicelo, lapho kudingeka khona ukusebenza ezimweni zaseMpumalanga Ekude. Ezinye izisebenzi zikhomba ukuguqulwa kwamahhala ngokwemigomo yesivumelwano kwinxenye yokuphathwa kwebhizinisi, uhlelo olungalungile lwezinhlawulo, ukuxhaphazwa kokubala kokukhokha kweholide kanye nenxephezelo. Ku-pluses kufaka iqembu elihle kakhulu labaqeqeshiwe, lakhiwe endaweni yokwakhiwa. Kunzima ukwahlulela ngolwazi lwe-scrappy mayelana nezimfanelo zomqashi, kodwa ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima akulula, ngakho-ke isisebenzi ngasinye sifuna izimo ezijwayelekile zokusebenza nokuphumula.

Imisebenzi

I-PJSC "i-Kolymaenergo" isebenzisa abasebenzi base -Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP. Izithuba zivulekile kubachwepheshe abanezemfundo ephakeme yezobunjiniyela, abasebenzi abesezingeni eliphansi nabasebenzi. Abahlengikazi ababefuna-ubuchwepheshe be-hydrotro, ochwepheshe be-IT, abaphathi bezinguquko, amakhemikhali e-laboratory, abahlukahlukene, abaqhubi be-crane njalonjalo. Imfuneko esemqoka ukuqonda imininingwane yomsebenzi wabanjiniyela bamandla, imfundo yephrofayili kanye nokuhleleka komsebenzi kwezinye i-HPP. Le nkampani ayisebenzanga nje kuphela isiteshi esakhiwa, kodwa futhi isebenza ne-Kolyma HPP.