Ukucubungula kwama-plastiki: ubuchwepheshe, imishini

Izinto zokwakha amapulasitiki ezidlule eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye ziye zaveza izindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho imikhiqizo yokucubungula yayo ingasetshenziswa khona. Izinto zokwenza izinto ngokwazo zithatha isikhathi sezinguquko ezishintshayo zobuchwepheshe, ngenxa yalokho umakethe wokwakha izinto ezigcwaliswayo zigcwele iziphakamiso ezintsha. Kwanele ukuqaphela imindeni yezinhlanganisela ezichitha izinsimbi nezinkuni.

Futhi, ukucubungula kwama-plastiki njengendlela yokuthola entsha ngokuyisisekelo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, okuphelele kakhulu ngokusebenza kwezinto akuyona into ethakazelisayo. Ubukhulu ngosizo lwalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lungaphinda lwakhiwe isakhiwo sangaphambilini sokwaziswa. Kodwa nokho lo mkhakha womsebenzi wokucubungula izitshalo kuzuzisa kwezinye izizathu eziningi, kufaka phakathi imvelo nezomnotho.

Izinhlobo zamathuluzi epulasitiki

I-Technologists ihlonza imikhakha engu-4 yamapayipi epulasitiki angafakwa ngaphansi kokucutshungulwa kwesibili. Okokuqala, lawa amapulasitiki angabodwa-ngendlela ye-scrap kanye nokuchithwa ngokuqondile, okungafakwa emasimini afana nokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali. Isigaba sesibili ngamaplastiki angamaplastiki angamanye angcolile, okwenziwa ngawo, ukuhlanzwa okuyisisekelo kwezinqubo zezobuchwepheshe kuyadingeka. Iqembu lesithathu limelelwa yimfucuza epulasitiki ehlanganisiwe equkethe ukungcola kwamanye amazwe.

Empeleni, izinhlayiya zangaphandle ziyizingcolisi ezifanayo, izakhi zensimbi noma zensimbi ezidinga ukuhlanza ngaphambi kokuhlanza. Futhi, isisekelo sokufunda amapulasitiki sinikeza ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu lezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-plastic grade. Kulokhu, akuzona nje izinhlayiya zeplastiki nezesithathu ezakhiwe ezinye izinto zokukhiqiza noma zokwakha ezihlanganisiwe, kodwa nezakhiwo ezahlukene ze-plastiki ngokwabo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindlela zokucubungula

Ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kuhlinzeka ngokunikezwa kobuchwepheshe obuqondile bokubunjwa nokubunjwa kusuka emikhiqizweni engapheli. Ngokuqondene nokucubungula okuqondile, leli qembu lihlanganisa izindlela zokwenza polymerization, ukuxhuma, ukuxubha nokuxubha okumanzi, kanye nokupuniza. Imiklamo yokwakha imikhiqizo yepulasitiki evela emikhiqizweni engapheli nayo iyathandwa. Kule ndlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe yokucubungula zithwala izindlela zokubunjwa, i-extrusion, ukubunjwa kusuka ku-prepregs nama-premixes. Futhi, ukusetjenziswa kwamaplastiki kuyisayensi ye-physicochemical neyemishini.

Ngokuvamile zonke izindlela zokucubungula zigxile ekugayeni imfucuza ehlanjululwe ngokulandela ukutholakala kobukhulu obukhulu. Ukuhluka okubalulekile kwaleli qembu lezindlela ukuthi umkhiqizo owutholayo awubonakali yizici zayo ze-physico-chemicals ezivela ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo zokuqala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izindlela zokwenza izici zisekelwe ebuchwepheni bokubhujiswa kwesakhiwo sezinto eziyinhloko, lapho kusetshenziselwa khona izimfanelo zokusebenza ezitholakalayo.

Ukuchithwa kwamaplastiki njengebuchwepheshe bokulungiselela

Lokhu kusebenza okuvamile embonini yokucubungula, esetshenziselwa hhayi kuphela ukusebenza nama-plastiki. Kuye ngezidingo zengxenyana yokugcina, amayunithi afanele axhunyiwe ukusebenza. Umshini wokugaya yonke indawo ungabizwa ngokuthi ama-sealers anezidumbu ezinama-mechanical action.

Enkonzweni yomsebenzi, umthamo wepulasitiki olayishiwe uhlanganiswa ngosizo lwama-disk plate-granulators ezinendlela zokuqhaqhazela. Njengomthetho, kusetshenziswe amapuleti amabili, okunye okugcina isimo esimisiwe. Ukucubungula ukucutshungulwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki kuncike kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwezinto ngokwazo.

Kokusebenza okulukhuni, ama-crusher kanye nama-aggregates anesigqoko se-carvers of shapes ahlukene asetshenziswa. Sebenza nge-polyethylene udoti ngendlela yefilimu eyenziwa ngokushelela kakhulu. Isibonelo, kumgqeni oyinkimbinkimbi, okufaka amathrekhi we-compaction, ukugaya kanye ne-granulation. Kulokhu, izakhi zommese zisebenza ngokuqondile ngokugaya.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa udoti

Ngokwengxenye, lesi sigaba sihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yokwelapha okwakulungiswa, okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla. Kodwa inqubo yokwehlukana okunjalo inkulu kakhulu futhi ayikhawulelwe ekuhlanzeni kuphela ekungcoleni. Kubuye kubalulekile ukufeza ukuhlukaniswa emva kokugaya, ngoba ama-granules amancane kulula ukuhlukanisa nezinhlayiya zangaphandle. Ngakho, ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kusinikeza ukuhlukaniswa kwezicucu zamaplastiki kusuka ensimbi. Ngalokhu, amakhoyili kagesi namagesi asetshenziselwa ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezijikelezayo zegubhu lapho kugcinwa khona izinto ezihlosiwe.

Ngesikhathi sokujikeleza, izakhi ezincane zamatshe ezinombala ezinemibala namnyama ngemuva kwepulasitiki futhi ziphuma ngeziteshi ezikhethekile. Kuqala ukusetshenzwa kokuqala kwama-plastiki, okwandisa ukulingana kokubunjwa kwawo. Kodwa-ke, ngalokhu ukwahlukana, amanye amaplastiki ngokwabo alahlekile. Njengomthetho, isabelo sokulahlekelwa akudluli ku-1%. Ama-industrial waste asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza ukungcola. Izinhlayiya ezichotshoziwe zihlanjululwa ngaphansi komfula wamanzi, odla ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, ama-solvents ayengezwa emanzini.

Ukucubungula ngabanye

Ukuzimela komuntu siqu kubangelwa ukuthi kuphela ipulasitiki ehlelwe yaya endaweni yokusebenza, ilungele ukuxubaniswa, ngisho nezixuku ezifanele isakhiwo. Ukuzicubungula ngokwayo kwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa okuyinhloko kubhekwa njengokuxoshwa. Ukufakwa okukhethekile ngama-augers kanye ne-hopper yokulayisha kuthatha ipulasitiki ekhonjiwe, iyancibilika futhi iyondle ngokusebenzisa i-extruder kumkhakha wokukhiqiza. Esikhathini sokugcina sokukhululwa, kuye ngomshini, opharetha angashintsha imingcele yokukhishwa kweplastiki. I-degree of compress of the raw material ibuye ilawulwe, ebuye ibuye ikhethe ubude obuhle besibungu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-homogenization eyanele.

Ukucubungula okunjalo kwamaplastiki kubhekwa njengobumnene, ngokugcina izindawo zokusebenza, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi kungabuyekezwa njalo. Iqiniso liwukuthi into efanayo yepulasitiki yale teknoloji ingacutshungulwa ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingu-3-4 kuye ngokuthi izimo zokusetshenziswa. Esikhathini esizayo, isisindo sithunyelwa kumgqa wokusetshenziswa wesibili ngokucubungula kokusebenza kwamakhemikhali.

Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula amapulasitiki ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa

Ukuqedwa kwesigaba sokuhlukaniswa nokuhlanzwa kwamapayipi asepulasitiki kunqume ukuthi yibuphi ubuchwepheshe bokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo. Ngokujwayelekile kulokhu, imishini yokuqhakaziza enezinto ezengeziwe zokuxilonga le nto isetshenziswa. Ngenxa yalokho, amaphaneli alungele ukusetshenziswa, amapulethi namashidi epulasitiki anikezwa ekukhiqizweni. Kuyinto impahla eyigugu esinesakhiwo esiqinile, equkethe coefficient enkulu ukungcola. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwezinhlayiya ze-third party, ikhwalithi yepulasitiki nokuhlanzeka kwemvelo kuncishisiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziselwa kwama-plastiki ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa kuyindleko eziphansi futhi kwezinye izindawo zinikeza ulwazi olufanele lwezici zobuchwepheshe.

Ukucubungula ukukhipha

Ukuze ukwandise inqubo yokucubungula, enye indlela yokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza yasungulwa. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhishwa kwe-multicomponent kuyinto ehlukahlukene yemikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe yokukhiqiza. Isisekelo salo siseqenjini lokuthi umkhiqizo owenziwe ngamathathu udala ngokusebenzisa amazinga amaningana wokubunjwa. Isisekelo saso ipulasitiki eshibhile esekelwe ezintweni ezifanayo ezingcolile, bese ulandela izinga lezinga elilinganiselwe lobuningi. Kanti, izendlalelo zangaphandle ziyizinto ezihlanjululwe ngokuphelele ezemvelo, ngoba ukusetshenziselwa ukusetjenziswa kwamaplastiki kusetshenziswe.

Ukukhiqizwa kwempahla yepulasitiki ngesisekelo sokukhishwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene kuyenziwa yindlela yokuhlinzeka ngemfucuza ngokusebenzisa iziteshi eziningana. Ngendlela, ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi, amaplastiki awasetshenziswa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Zivame ukuthatha indawo yento engabizi, ehlanganisa i- barium sulfate, i- talc, i-ceramics, njll.

Ukuguqulwa kwemfucuza yeplastiki

Akudingekile ukuthi ukucubungula kufanele kuqondiswe ekutholeni izindawo ezifanayo zokusebenza kanye nezakhiwo njengoba ngaphambili zibonakala ngomkhiqizo. Lesi sigaba sivula amathuba amaningi okushintsha isakhiwo ngokufaka izithasiselo ezikhethekile. Isibonelo, ukusetshenzwa kwesibili kwamaplastiki ngokufaka i-copolymer ye-ethylene kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokucindezeleka komshini nokuqina. Uma ukufakwa okunjalo kungeniswa kwisakhiwo se-polyvinyl chloride, omunye angakwazi ukuthembela ekwandiseni ukumelana nomthelela.

Izinsiza zokucubungula

Imishini ekhethekile eyenzelwe ukucubungula imodi yokujikeleza egcwele, hhayi okuningi. E-Russia, isibonelo, ukufakelwa kweReverzer kuyaziwa kusukela enkampanini yaseJapane Mitsubishi. Lesi yisibonelo somshini owodwa we-extruder, ohlomele ama-augers kanye nedivaysi ye-degassing. Amabhizinisi asekhaya awaziwayo nemishini yesiNgisi yokucubungula amaplastiki, izinzuzo ezibonisa ukufakwa kwe-EPG. Lena yinkampani enikeza izindlela ezintsha zokulungisa imfucuza ngokusebenzisa i-extrusion ngokushaya.

Indlela yokukhetha indlela enhle yokucubungula?

Okokuqala, imisebenzi ezobhekana nayo ngaphambi kokuba imikhiqizo ikhishwe kufanele ihlolwe. Lokhu kuzoqala ukucacisa isidingo sokuhlukaniswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwe-modifiers. Indlela elula futhi engabizi kakhulu ukucubungula okungahlanganiswa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki, okukuvumela ukuthi uthole izingoli zekhwalithi, izinto zokubeka phansi, ama-panels okufakelwa ukushisa, njll. Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula amaplastiki ahlanjululwe ngokuvamile kuvame ukukhululwa kwe-polyethylene emaphaketheni.

Isiphetho

Imboni yokucubungula imfucuza yokwenza izinto iyinto yangempela namuhla futhi iyadingeka ezindaweni ezahlukene ezimboni. Ukuthola izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingabizi futhi ezisebenzayo ngezindleko eziphansi yisisusa esiyinhloko esiqondisa abahlanganyeli balo makethe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eRussia lo mboni wemboni awukwakhiwa njengaseYurophu. Kulezi zithuthukisiwe kakhulu zingabonakala ngaphandle kokuthi isitshalo sokucubungula amaplastiki "Plarus", esasebenza kusukela ngo-2009. Izici zobuchwepheshe zaleli bhizinisi zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yesimanje yokucubungula amabhodlela e-PET. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanye amabhizinisi aqhubeka nokukhula, ngonyaka ngamunye ukwanda kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ehlongozwayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.