Isitshalo samandla enyukliya esikhukhula, i-academician Lomonosov. Isitshalo samandla enyukliya esikhulayo eCrimea. Izitshalo zamandla enyukliya ezikhukhula eRussia

Izitshalo zamandla enyukliya ezikhukhulayo eRussia - umklamo wabadwebi basekhaya ukudala izitshalo ezinamandla eziphansi. I-state corporation "i-Rosatom", amabhizinisi "iBaltiysky Zavod", "iMalaya energetika" kanye nezinye izinhlangano zihlanganyela ekuthuthukisweni.

Isizinda semlando

Emagabeni okuqala ekuthuthukiseni imboni, amandla enuzi ayebhekwa ikakhulukazi maqondana nembonini yezempi. Kodwa-ke, phakathi neminyaka embalwa edlule, izinzuzo zemithombo ephathekayo efanelekayo ezindaweni ezikude nezindawo ezingathuthukisiwe ziye zabonakala zibonakala. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, izinto eziza kuqala zashintshwa ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-nyukliya, ukufakwa kwezigameko ezithwalweni zempi, izikebhe eziqhwaqhaqhazelayo, izinhlanzi zasemanzini.

Ngokokuqala ngqa, amadivayisi eselula aqala ukusetshenziswa yi-United States. Banika amandla ePanama Canal nasezindaweni zocwaningo zaseMelika e-Antarctic.

Ngokushesha nje, abezindaba babuze umbuzo wokuthi ngabe i-NPP ehambayo izofakwa eCrimea. Imibono ngale ndaba ihlukile. Kodwa-ke, kwakungenakho amazwi avela ku-state corporation eqondisa uhlelo mayelana nalolu daba. Abanye ochwepheshe bathi isitshalo samanzi enyulika aseCrimea asidingeki. Bachaza isikhundla sabo ngokuthi lezi zakhiwo zenzelwe ukusebenza ezindaweni ezikude, ezingenakufinyeleleka. Ukunikezwa kwe-peninsula kungenziwa ngezinye izindlela. Isibonelo, ibhuloho yamandla lakhiwe kusukela ezweni lasekhaya.

Indlu yasekhaya

Ngokusho kohlelo olubhekiswe e-federal "Energy Efficient Economy" 2002-2005. Futhi ngekusasa kuze kube ngu-2010, ithenda yenziwa ukudala i-FNPP ephansi. Maphakathi no-May 2006, ibhizinisi leSevmash laba nginqobe. Ngonyaka olandelayo, 2007, ukuphathwa kukaNizhny Novgorod State University kanye ne-Federal Atomic Energy Agency bavumelanise ukuthi lesi sikhungo sizosebenza njengeziko eliyisisekelo lokuqeqesha ochwepheshe abafanele. Ngonyaka ka-2008, abaxhumanisi bephrojekthi bamemezela ukuthi ingxenye yemiyalo yezinyunithi kanye nezinyunithi izodluliselwa esitshalweni saseBaltic. Kodwa-ke, isitshalo seSevmash samemezela ngemuva kwesikhashana ukuthi isitshalo samandla enyukliya esintantayo siyothunyelwa izinyanga ezingu-5 emva kosuku oluhleliwe. Kulokhu, isitshalo seBaltic sanikezwa umyalelo ngokugcwele.

Ukuqala kokwakhiwa

Njengoba kuchazwe ngo-2010 yiSekela lika-Head of Rosenergoatom, uSergei Zavyalov, isitshalo sokuqala samandla enyukliya esithantayo senziwa ngokuhambisana nesimiso. Ukulungiswa kwesitshalo kwakuhlelwe ukuphela kuka-2012, kanti ukuthunyelwa kwemindeni kulindeleke ngo-2013. Ngo-June 2010, i-unit yokuqala yamandla yasungulwa. Lokhu kwenzeke embonini yaseBaltic. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi i-turbogenerator ne-reactor ayifakiwe. Umsebenzi wokufaka wawufanele ukwenziwa ku-unit power floating. NgoSeptemba 2011, umbono omuhle wokuhlolwa kwemvelo wamukelwa iphrojekthi ePevek. Okwamanje, usezingeni lesiteleka sokutshala izimali. Ekupheleni kukaSeptemba - ukuqala kuka-Okthoba 2013 amayunithi okukhiqiza umthamo wezingqimba ezingamathani angu-220, akhiqizwa ngokwemisebenzi ye-OKBM. Afrikantova, zathunyelwa ku-quay yokufakela ukuphuma e-sloop ye-workshop yesithupha yesitshalo seBaltic. Lapho, phambi kwababameli beRosenergoatom, babelayishwa emagumbini okugubha ngamakhansela athambile. Ngokuhambisana nemigomo yesivumelwano, isitshalo saseSt. Petersburg kumele sinikeze i-PES, silungiselelwe ukuthutha endaweni yokusebenza, ngo-September 9, 2016. Izindaba zakamuva mayelana nesitshalo samandla enyukliya ezihambayo zibonisa ukuthi kufanele ziqaliswe ngokugcwele ngo-2018.

Iphrojekthi eyinhloko

Kulolu chungechunge lwezitshalo ezithwala izitshalo ezincane ezithwala izithuthi ezincane, isitshalo samandla enyukliya esintantayo i-Akademik Lomonosov ibhekwa njengowona oyinhloko. Amandla ayo amakhulu angaphezu kuka-70 MW. Ukufakwa kuhlanganisa ama-reactor amabili a-KLT-40S. Umklami oyinhloko ngu-Afrikantov OKBM. Ibhizinisi elifanayo ngumkhiqizi nomhlinzeki oyinhloko wezinto zokusebenza. Kuhlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, amaphampu, amayunithi okuphatha amafutha, amadivaysi okulawula, imishini eyisizayo nokunye. Isitshalo samandla enyukliya esantantayo "i-Akademik Lomonosov" lakhiwe ngesisekelo sokufaka okuyi-serial esetshenziswa ezinqoleni zeqhwa, ehlolwe isikhathi eside sokusebenza ezimweni ze-arctic.

Ukuqokwa

Imisebenzi yokuklama eyenziwa ngamabhizinisi akwaRosatom kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo ziye zabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakha iklasi elisha elinobuciko ngesisekelo sezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukuhamba ngomkhumbi. Zizosetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile, ugesi, ukushisa kwekhaya kanye nezimboni. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izitshalo zamandla enyukliya ezihambayo zizothunyelwa kusuka ku-3.5 kuya kwezingu-70 nangaphezulu kwe-MW. Zihloselwe ukuhlinzeka ngamadolobha asechwebeni, amabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni, ukukhipha igesi kanye nezinsimbi zamafutha esendaweni yeshalofu.

Okucacile

Izitshalo zamandla enyukliya zizinto ezizimele. Zakhiwe ngokuphelele emkhunjini wemikhumbi njengesikebhe esingenzi-self-propelled. Izitshalo ezenziwe ngomumo zihanjiswa ngomfula noma olwandle kuya endaweni yokusebenza. Ikhasimende lithola into ngokusebenza. Izitshalo zamandla enyukliya ezishisayo zihlanganisa izindlu zokuhlala kanye nengqalasizinda ephelele ehlinzeka ukuhlala kwabasebenzi abasebenzayo, kanye nokugcinwa kokufakwa. Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizi nomphakeli benza i-order "turnkey". Ukwakhiwa kwefektri kunikeza ukunciphisa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokuklama. Ngalokhu, i-NPP yaseRussia ehambayo ihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zomhlaba jikelele zekhwalithi nokuphepha.

Izinzuzo

Isitshalo samandla enyukliya esondayo sisebenza kahle ezindaweni zokusebenza ezilukhuni eceleni kwemifula noma olwandle olukude nezinhlelo zokuhlinzeka phakathi. E-Russian Federation, lokhu ikakhulukazi izifunda zaseMpumalanga Ekude naseMpumalanga Ekude. Kulezi zifunda azikho uhlelo oluhlangene lwamandla. Lapha, imithombo yokwethenjelwa yokwethenjwa kwezomnotho iyamukeleka futhi iyathembekile. Njengamanje, isidingo seziteshi ezincane ezinamandla ayisishiyagalolunye kunzima kakhulu kulezi zifunda. Ukuthunyelwa kwezikhungo kuzothuthukisa umsebenzi wezomnotho futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinga labantu abahlala kulo likhona.

Ukuphepha

I-NPP ehambayo ihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zomhlaba jikelele. Ukunethezeka kwephethiloli akudluli izinga lokunciphisa ukuhambisana nombuso ngokungabandlululo kwezikhali zenuzi. Njengoba ukusebenza kucatshangwa endaweni yolwandle olwandle, umbuzo wokumelana nesitshalo ngemiphumela yezimo ezimbi kakhulu (izimpungushe, ama-tsunami, njll).

"I-Afrikantov OKBB" inezinkinga zobuchwepheshe obusha, ngenxa yokuthi isitshalo samandla enyukliya esintantayo siyobhekana nanoma yiliphi izinga lemithwalo enamandla ehlelwe kule phrojekthi. Uhlelo lokufakwa kwesikhathi esizayo ludalwe "emkhakheni wezokuphepha" othize. Idlula imithwalo enkulu engenzeka endaweni yokusebenza. Isibonelo, kungenzeka ukushaya ingqungquthela ye-tsunami, ukugoqa ngesakhiwo sogu noma esinye isitsha. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-40 yokusebenza, i-head unit ye-nuclear plant izothathwa indawo entsha. Kulesi simo, elidala lizobuyiselwa ebhizinisini lobuchwepheshe ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza futhi ekupheleni kwayo, ngeke kube khona imfucuza eyingozi engokwemvelo esakhiweni lapho kuhlanganiswe khona isitshalo samanzi esitshalayo . Ukulungisa nokulayishwa kabusha kwamafutha kuzokwenziwa ezimweni zamabhizinisi akhethekile asekhaya asekhaya. Unayo yonke imishini edingekayo, futhi isebenzisa abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe.

Uchwepheshe we-athomu: izitshalo zamandla enyukliya ezihambayo. Ukubamba okuhle

Njengamanje, izihloko eziningi zendaba zikhishwa. Eziningi zazo ezinye zentuthuko yocwaningo oluphambili kanye nezikhungo zokuklama zinikezwa. Isibonelo, ngo-2015, umqondo wabososayensi abavela eMassachusetts Institute of Technology wahlanganiswa. Kukholelwa ukuthi isitshalo samandla enyukliya esintantayo (ukufakwa kwesithombe kungabonakala kulesi sihloko) kungenye yezinketho ezithembisayo kakhulu zokuhlinzeka izindawo zokuhlala lapho kungenasisetshenziswa esanele khona. Umqondo wesitatimende uhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi obuwazi kahle. Ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwe- reactor atomic kanye nesikhulumi samafutha ajulile kubhekwa.