Inkathi yomlando ngokulandelana. Izikhathi ezenziwe ngobuciko ngokulandelana

Ukuphindaphinda ngezikhathi zomlando kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kokubili kwisayensi nasempilweni yansuku zonke. Kunezinkathi ezithile ezithile ezihlanganisa isikhathi esithile esithile. Amagama abo asungulwa maduzane, emva kokuba umuntu ebheke ukubuyela emuva, ahlaziye futhi ahlukanise izenzakalo ezedlule zibe yizigaba. Manje sizocubungula wonke ama-epochs ngokulandelana, sizofunda ukuthi kungani bebizwa kanjalo nokuthi yiziphi izinto ezibhekene nazo.

Kungani kunesikhathi sokulandelana kwemlando?

Le ndlela yasungulwa ngabacwaningi ngesizathu esihle. Okokuqala, isikhathi ngasinye sihlukaniswe neziqondiso ezikhethekile zamasiko. Ngenkathi ngayinye, umbono wayo, imfashini, isakhiwo somphakathi, uhlobo lokwakha ibhizinisi nokunye okuningi. Uma ucabangela isikhathi sabantu, ungakwazi futhi ukunaka iqiniso lokuthi ngamunye wabo yizinhlobo ezithile zobuciko. Lo ngumculo, umdwebo, nezincwadi. Okwesibili, emlandweni wesintu kukhona ngempela okuthiwa amaphuzu okujika, lapho izimiso zokuziphatha zashintsha kakhulu, kwakhiwa imithetho emisha. Lokhu, okuyiqiniso, kwafaka ukuguquka kwezibikezelo, ezazibonakalisa kwezobuciko. Izinguquko ezinjalo zingathonywa yizinguquko, izimpi, ukutholakala kwezesayensi, izimfundiso zabafilosofi abakhulu nabaholi besonto. Futhi manje, ngaphambi kokuba sibukeze zonke izinkathi zomlando ngokulandelana, siyaqaphela ukuthi umphakathi wethu uhlangene noshintsho olukhulu kangaka maduzane. Inqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe isiphendule ngokuphelele imibono yethu mayelana nokuxhumana, imithombo yolwazi ngisho nangomsebenzi. Futhi isizathu salokhu kuyi-Intanethi, ngaphandle kwanoma yiyiphi iminyaka eyishumi edlule wonke umuntu waphatha, futhi namuhla yingxenye yokuphila komuntu wonke.

Isikhathi sasendulo

Sishiya umlando womphakathi wangaphambili, ngoba kwakungekho mqondo owodwa ngaleso sikhathi, inkolo noma ngisho nesistimu yokubhala. Ngakho-ke, lapho ama-human epochs acatshangwa ngokuhlelekile, aqala ngokuqondile kusukela esikhathini esidala, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi okushiwo okokuqala, imithetho yokuqala nokuziphatha, kanye nobuciko esikufundayo kuze kube manje, zivele. Le nkathi yaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-8 BC. E. Futhi kwaphela kwaze kube ngu-456 - usuku lokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakungekho kuphela inkolo yama-polytheism enezinhlelo ezicacile zazo zonke izinkulunkulu, kodwa futhi uhlelo lokubhala - isiGreki nesiLatini. Futhi kule nkathi eYurophu, umqondo wazalwa, njengokugqilaza.

Ephakathi

Ngisho nalapho izikole zicabangela inkathi ngokuhlelekile, ukunakwa okukhethekile kubhalwa ekufundeni kweMinyaka Ephakathi. Le nkathi yaqala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-5, kodwa ayikho izinsuku zokuphela kwayo, okungenani yisibonelo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi sekuphelile phakathi nekhulu le-15, kuyilapho abanye bakholelwa ukuthi iMinyaka Ephakathi yaqhubeka kuze kube sekhulwini le-17. Le nkathi ibhekene nokukhuphuka okukhulu kobuKristu. Kwakuyiminyaka lapho lezi zinkolo ezinkulu zenzeka. I-Inquisition yazalwa kanye nabo, eyaqothula bonke abaphikisi besonto. NgeMinyaka Ephakathi, kwavela isimo sobugqila, njengama-feudalism, esasikhona emhlabeni amakhulu eminyaka kamuva.

I-Renaissance

Kuyinto evamile ukuhlukanisa le nkathi njengomuntu ohlukile, kodwa izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi i-Renaissance, okushoyo, ingxenye yezwe yama-Middle Ages. Okubalulekile ukuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 leminyaka baqala ukukhalela abantu. Eminye imithetho nemigomo yasendulo ibuyile, i-Inquisition yanikezela kancane kancane isikhundla sayo. Lokhu kubonakala ebucikweni nasekuziphatheni komphakathi. Abantu baqala ukuvakashela amahholo, kwakukhona into enjengebhola lezwe. I-Renaissance, njenge-Antiquity, ivela e-Italy, futhi namuhla iqinisekiswa yizikhumbuzo eziningi zobuciko nobuciko.

Baroque

Uma sicabangela ngokuqondile izikhathi zomlando wesintu, iBaroque, nakuba kungekudala, ithathe igatsha elibalulekile ekwakheni ubuciko. Ngezansi, sizoyicabangela ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa okwamanje, ake sibhale okulandelayo. Le nkathi kwakuyisiphetho esinengqondo soKuvuselelwa. Kungashiwo ukuthi isifiso sokuzijabulisa nokuzijabulisa sezwe seye saba sikhulu. Kwakukhona isitayela sokwakhiwa kwegama elifanayo, elibhekene nokuphakama nokuziqhenya. Umkhuba ofanayo uye wazibonakalisa emculweni, nasekudwebeni, ngisho nasekuziphatheni kwabantu. Isikhathi samaBaroque sasiqala kusukela ekhulwini le-16 kuya kwele-17.

Classicism

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-17, isintu sanquma ukushiya ukungazi kahle okunjalo. Umphakathi, njengobuciko owawudalile, waba ngu-canonized futhi ulungiselelwe ukusula imithetho. I-Classicism yaqala ukuzibonakalisa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nangaphakathi. Imfashini yayihlanganisa ama-angles aqondile, imigqa eqondile, inselelo kanye nokuxhaswa. Imidlalo yaseshashalazini nomculo, okwakusenyakatho yentuthuko yabo yamasiko, nabo babhekene nezinguquko ezintsha. Kukhona izitayela ezithile ezathumela abalobi kulokhu noma leso siteshi. Ngezansi sicabangela inkathi yobuciko ngokuhlelekile futhi ngokuningiliziwe sizofunda ukuthi yiyiphi i-classicism.

Isikhathi sothando

Ekhulwini le-18, abantu babonakala benesifo sengqondo sokuhle nobuhle obungenangqondo. Le nkathi ibhekwa njengento engaqondakali kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, ephemeral and original. Emphakathini kwakukhona ukuthambekela, ngokusho ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ungumuntu ohlukile ongokwenyama ongokomoya, nezwe lakhe langaphakathi, okuhlangenwe nakho nokujabula. Njengomthetho, lapho izazi-mlando zimelela izinkathi zamasiko ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu inikezwa ekuthandaneni. Kule nkathi, eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19, kwavela umculo oyingqayizivele womculo (Chopin, Schubert, njll), izincwadi (amanoveli adumile aseFrance) nomdwebo.

Ukukhanya

Ngokufana ne-romanticism kwezobuciko, umphakathi ngokwawo wawupheleliswa. Uma ubhala zonke izinkathi ngokulandelana, njengomthetho, yiKhanyisa okulandela i-classicism. Ngokuhambisana nentuthuko yesayensi nobuciko ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, izinga lobuhlakani laqala ukuphakama ngesilinganiso esikhulu emphakathini. Lokhu kubonakala ekunqatsheni izinkolelo zenkolo yama-ordodox. Esikhundleni solwazi olungcwele lwafika lologi kanye nengqondo ekhanyayo. Lokhu kwanciphisa kakhulu igunya lamakhosikazi kanye nama-dynasties alawulayo, okuyizingqinamba eziningi ezibhekisela ekusizeni kwesonto. I-Age of Enlightenment yaba indawo yokuzalwa yefilosofi entsha esekelwe emathematika nasezifundeni. Kuye kwaba nokutholakala kwezinkanyezi eziningana eziye zaphikisa izinkolo eziningi zenkolo. I-Age of Enlightenment ayithinte nje kuphela iYurophu, kodwa futhi neRussia, kanye neMpumalanga Ekude, ngisho naseMelika. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi isofthiwe yaqedwa emazweni amaningi. Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi emakhulwini e-18-19 ekhulwini abesifazane baqala ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni yesayense kanye nohulumeni okokuqala.

Isikhathi esisha

Sifake ngezikhathi ezimbalwa zonke izikhathi zomlando ngokulandelana futhi safika ekhulwini lama-20. Le nkathi idume ngezimbali ezihlukahlukene zezobuciko, izinguquko eziningi ze-state kanye nokubusa kombuso. Ngakho-ke, kusukela kumbono womlando, le nkathi ibizwa ngokuthi yisikhathi esisha kakhulu. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, umuntu angasho, umphakathi ulingane ngokuphelele. Ubugqila buye kwaqedwa emhlabeni jikelele, futhi imingcele ecacile yezizwe iye yasungulwa. Izimo ezinjalo ziye zaba yindawo enhle kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni hhayi ubuciko kuphela kodwa nesayensi. Manje siphila kule nkathi, ngakho-ke, ukuze sihlolisise ngokuningiliziwe, kubalulekile kuphela ukubuka emuva.

Imiphumela yesifinyezo

Ngemuva kokuba sinikeze zonke izikhathi zomlando wezwe ngokulandelana, sazichazela, sezifundile ukuthi umphakathi wethu ungakanani kulokhu noma lelokhulu leminyaka, siphendukela ekufundeni okuhle. Konke, okufana nokuvela kwemithetho kanye nemingcele yombuso, kwakhiwa ubuciko, okuyinto yabaningi okuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlukanisa umlando wesintu ngezikhathi ezihlukene. Ngezansi sizobe sibheke ama-epochs kwezobuciko ngokulandelana, sibafanise futhi sizokwazi ukuqhathanisa isithombe esicacile sendlela umphakathi wethu owakhe ngayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi. Okokuqala, sihlanganisa "inkathi" eyinhloko, bese siwahlukanisa ngamagatsha ahlukene. Phela, izikhathi zomculo azihambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi ngezikhathi ezifanayo ezincwadini noma, zithi, emidwebeni.

Ubuciko: iminyaka ngokulandelana kwesikhathi

• Isikhathi sasendulo. Kusukela kuvele imidwebo yokuqala yamatshe, ephela ngekhulu le-8 BC. E.
• Antiquity - kusukela ngekhulu le-8 BC. E. Ngaphambi kwekhulu lesi-6 AD. E.
• Izinkathi Ephakathi: i- Romanesque ne-Gothic. Eyokuqala inomhla wama-6-10, eminyaka eyi-10-14.
• Imvuselelo yikhulu elidumile le-14th-16 leminyaka.
• I-Baroque - ngekhulu le-16-18.
• I-Rococo - ngekhulu le-18.
• Classicism. Yakhelwe ngokumelene nesizinda sezinye izikhombisi-ndlela kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-19.
• I-Romanticism - ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19.
• Ukuhlelwa kwe-Eclecticism - ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-19.
• I-Modernism iqala ngekhulu lama-20. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-modernism yigama elivamile le nkathi yokudala. Emazweni ahlukene nasezindleleni ezahlukene zobuciko, ama-currents azo akha, esizoxoxa ngezansi.

Lokho ipeni elizokusho ... Emsuka wenkulumo ebhaliwe

Manje cabanga ngezikhathi zokubhala ezilandelanayo ngokulandelana kwesikhathi: isiteji sasendulo (i-Antiquity ne-East), i-Middle Ages, i-Renaissance, i-Classicism, i-Sentimentalism, i-Romanticism, i-Realism, i-Modernism ne-Modernity. Ngesikhathi sokuqala indalo yombhalo yaqala ukuvela eGreece, eRoma nasezweni laseMpumalanga. Kwakukulo mandla olwaqala ulimi olulotshiwe. Ezweni lasendulo laqala ukuvela emaciniso - mayelana noHercules, mayelana noZeus nabanye onkulunkulu, mayelana nezintambo nezinyoni ezinkulu. Kamuva, izazi zefilosofi zokuqala, abacwaningi nabalobi babonakala. BangamaHomer, uSappho, u-Aeschylus, uHorace. Lolu hlobo manje lubizwa ngokuthi yi-lyric izinkondlo, kodwa ngokuvamile lezi zindaba zikhonjiswa njengomthombo onokwethenjelwa ngokomlando. Izwe lase-Ancient East lidumile kuphela ngezinkondlo zalo ezifundisayo. Kodwa-ke, asingakhohlwa ukuthi kwakukhona kule ngxenye yezwe ezikhathini zasendulo ukuthi incwadi ebaluleke kunazo zonke yesintu yabonakala - iBhayibheli.

Ama-Middle and Renaissance

Akukho mngcele ocacile phakathi kwalezi zikhathi, futhi akudingeki. Phela, eminyakeni lapho i-Europe iqalile ukudala njengendlela yesistimu, abantu babengekho ozobuciko. Ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kobuciko phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi kwaphazamiseka isonto. Ngakho-ke, ifa lezincwadi, esizizuze njengefa kusukela kulowo minyaka, liyiqhawe elikhulu. Lapha ungabiza ngokuthi "Ingoma Yengxenye Yami", "Ingoma KaRandand" ne "Ingoma Yama-Nibelungs." Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, i-Renaissance iza, futhi umhlaba uyaziwa ngamagama anjengeShakespeare, uDante, Boccaccio, uCervantes. Izindaba zabo zingabizwa mahhala, njengoba kungekho sakhiwo esicacile, futhi phakathi kwezehlakalo ngumuntu nemizwa yakhe. Lesi yisici esiyinhloko soKuvuselelwa.

Ukwakhiwa kwezingoma eziqinile

Uma sichaza iminyaka ngokulandelana, ikhulu leminyaka emva kwekhulu leminyaka, konke kuwela endaweni, ngaphandle kweClassism. Kubonakala sengathi ikhona ngaphandle kwesikhathi, isikhala, ngokumelene nesizinda samanye ama-currents. Kusukela ngomzuzu lapho i-classic yaba yisisekelo sokubumba kwababhali baseYurophu, kuvele izikhathi eziningi zokubhala phansi kwemibhalo. Zazihlukaniswa ngokucacile zibe izinhlobo: i-ode, isenzo sokungaboni , inhlekelele, i-comedy, i-epic, i-fable. Singasho ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imingcele yobuciko isungulwe, esisebenzisa namhlanje (note okungenani cinema).

Sentimentalism kanye Romanticism

Lezi zimbali ezimbili zibonakala zihambisana. Zaziwa ngamanoveli azo, ezichaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwabalingiswa, isimo sabo sengqondo, ukuthanda nezinto ezithandayo. Phakathi kwababhali bokuthandana okubhalwa ezincwadini ezibomvu kukhona amagama anjengeBalzac, uDickens, Hoffmann, Victor Hugo, Odade Bronte, uMark Twain, W. Scott nabanye abaningi. Eminyakeni edlule yokuthandana, abalobi abanjengo-Oskar Wilde no-Edgar Allan Poe badala. Izindaba zabo kakade zingenayo imizwelo, kodwa zigcwele ifilosofi ejulile.

Ukuziqhenya kanye ne-Modernism, kanye nezincwadi zesimanje

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka lama-20, ama-currents amaningi avela ezincwadini. Ezweni lakithi babizwa ngeSiliva Age, kwabanye babemane babizwa ngokusho komsebenzi othile. Okuthandwa kakhulu kwakuwukufanekisa nokuhlaselwa. Abamele kulezi zindawo babengabalobi abanjengoVerlaine, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Blok. I-Acmeism yayithandwa kakhulu eRussia. Ummeleli wakhe omkhulu ngu-Anna Akhmatova. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izincwadi ziye zaba njengengqondo ngangokunokwenzeka. Abantu balahla imizwa yangaphakathi nemicabango. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuze kube manje, abalobi bachaza noma yiziphi izenzakalo ezivela embonweni ongokoqobo, ngokubheka zonke izinqubo zokuthuthuka.

Ubuciko obuhle

Manje sekuyisikhathi sokucabangela wonke ama-epochs emidwebeni ngokulandelana. Siyabona masinyane ukuthi kuneziningi zazo kunezincwadi, ngakho-ke, sizophendukela komunye wabo ngokufishane nangokusheshisa.

• Umdwebo wesango.
• Ubuciko baseGibhithe lasendulo naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
• Isiko seCrete-isiMicenaean.
• Imidwebo ye-Antique nokubhala.
• Izinkathi Ephakathi: imidwebo yesithonjana nemifanekiso yamaGothi ezinhlokweni zenkolo.
• I-Renaissance. Abamele bright kukhona Michelangelo, da Vinci nabanye.
• Kusukela ngekhulu le-18, isitayela samaBaroque sitholakale ekudwebeni. Ichazwe kakhulu emidwebo yeCaravaggio.
• I-Classicism, eyayibukwa kusukela ekhulwini le-16, yayenziwe emisebenzini kaPoussin noRubens.
• I-Romanticism yazibonakalisa ezikhungweni zeDelacour neGoya.
• Ukucindezeleka kwavela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. U-Van Gogh uthathwa njengommeleli wakhe oqhakazile, futhi eceleni kwakhe kukhona uGauguin, uLututc Munch nabanye.
• Ekhulwini lama-20 umdwebo wahlukaniswa waba yi-socialist kanye ne-surrealistic. Ukugeleza kokuqala kuthuthukiswe kuphela eRussia. Owesibini wanqoba izwe lonke. Kubonakala ngokucacile emidwebo kaS S. Daly, uP. Picasso nabanye abaculi balesi sikhathi.