Imisebenzi ephoqelelwe yabalimi abaxhomekile. Umsebenzi ophoqelelwe wezilwane ezixhomekile

Umphakathi we-Feudal emazweni aseYurophu waqala ukwakha phakathi nekhulu le-16. Yingalesosikhathi isigaba esikhethekile sabantu esasikhululwa - abalimi ababehlala ensimini yomnikazi wendawo noma inkosi yama-feudal futhi babethembele kuyo yonke noma ingxenye. Ngaphandle kokungafani, bonke abalimi bezitholakala ngaphansi kwenkonzo. Imisebenzi ephoqelelwe yalesi sifunda yayiningi: kusukela emsebenzini wansuku zonke endaweni yekosi yama-feudal ngaphambi kwenkonzo yezempi. Ubunzima bokubambisana kwabasebenzi kwakuncike ezintweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nobudala bomhlaba, amakhono akhe namakhono. Ngokuvamile, amakhosi angama-feudal, esebenzisa amandla awo, angafaka umthwalo owengeziwe kulabo ababezizwa bengathandi. Yimisebenzi ephoqelekile yabalimi abasondelene abaye baba isihloko esiyinhloko esichazwe kulesi sihloko.

Abalimi abaxhomekile: ngubani lo?

Cabanga ngezinhlobo zokuxhomeka kwabasimilayo kumnikazi wendawo noma inkosi ye-feudal: ephelele futhi engaphelele. Ukuthembela ngokuphelele kumnikazi wabalimi kwakuthiwa kuthiwa ungumuntu othembekile. Isikhundla sabo emphakathini kwakuyisinye sezidabukisayo kakhulu. Babenalo ilungelo kuphela lobunikazi bezinto zendlu, kuhlanganise nezembatho, kodwa futhi namalungelo okukhulisa ukuthanda futhi ngisho nokuphila. Ifomu elifanayo lokuxhomeke kwabasimilayo kwakuyisici salokho lapho ubugqila bekhula khona. Imisebenzi yokuphoqelelwa kwabalimi abaxhomeke kulolu klasi ayinakuphikisana naphezu kweso simo esingenakufanele somnikazi. UFeudalus, naye, wayenelungelo lokugweba umlimi ukuba ajeziswe ngokusemthethweni futhi aze amlahle impilo yakhe nganoma yisiphi isenzo esingalungile.

Ukuthembela okungaphelele kwabalimi bekuyinhloko ekunciphiseni kwabo kwezomnotho kuya enkosini yama-feudal. Omunye wemisebenzi eyimpoqo yabalimi abancike emsebenzini usebenza emasimini noma kumasifundisane omsebenzi. Ukukhonza indawo yakhe noma indawo, ngesikhathi esifanayo babe namalungelo omuntu siqu: bangahamba ngokukhululekile, bathole noma bathengise impahla yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokubonakala kobudlova noma ukwelashwa okungalungile kwaleli zwe, inkosi yase-feudal ingase ilandelwe izinyathelo zomthetho. Umsebenzi ophoqelelwe wezilwane ezixhomekile ekubhekaneni nokuthembela kwakhe okungaphelele kuncishisiwe ukuba asebenze isikweletu noma ukuqasha ukusebenzisa isabelo somhlaba esinikwe inkosi yase-feudal. Ngenxa yokuthi abalimi abaningi abazange babe nethuba lokuthola umhlaba noma izixhobo zokuzicubungula, amakhosi angama-feudal ayevame ukusebenzisa lokhu, futhi "izikweletu" zabuyela kuye iminyaka embalwa.

Izimpawu zomsebenzi ophoqelelwe emnothweni wama-feudal

Njengazo zonke izomnotho noma ezenhlalakahle, imisebenzi ephoqelekile yabalimi abaxhomeke ekutheni inganqunywa ngosizo lwezici eziningana zezici, lapho umuntu angafaka khona okulandelayo:

1. Umlimi othembekile usetshenzisiwe umhlaba oyisakhiwo senkosi yama-feudal.
2. Ngaphandle kokusebenza emasimini akhe, umlimi wakulimala futhi wahlakulela isiqephu sezwe esasibekwe "njengenkosi", futhi wonke umkhiqizo wahamba kuphela enkosini ye-feudal.
3. Ukuze kusetshenziswe iziqephu zomhlaba (ezihlelekile kanye nebha), izinto zokulima, kuhlanganise namahhashi omlimi, zasetshenziswa.
4. Ukuphoqelelwa okungaqondakali komsebenzi ophoqelelwe, umlimi angase ajeziswe ngokukhulisa inani lemvelo (obroka) noma isikhathi esengeziwe semisebenzi engenamsebenzi yenkosi yama-feudal (i-corvée).

Uma kungenjalo, izinhlobo zezinyunyana zabasebenzi abaphoqelelwe ekukhiqizeni ama-feudal zihlukile. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe kwabo bonke.

Izici zokuziphatha komnotho we-corvee

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, eYurophu ephakathi, kwakukhona izinhlobo eziningana zomsebenzi abantu abangazibandakanyanga abangazange bazuze. Omunye wemisebenzi ephoqelelwe yabasimili abaxhomeke ekutheni - i-corvée - yande cishe kulo lonke elaseWestern and Eastern Europe, kuhlanganise noRussia. Okubalulekile kwalolu hlobo lwenkonzo yabasebenzi kwakungumsebenzi ongakhokhiwe wabantu abaxhomekile emkhakheni wenkosi yama-feudal kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sakhe siqu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abalimi bahlakulela indawo yakhe, bakhula futhi bakhiqiza ukudla. Ukwehluleka okuyinhloko kwesimiso se-corvee kwakuyisidingo esiqhubekayo sokuqondiswa yinkosi yama-feudal, njengoba umsebenzi ophoqelelwe njalo wenziwa ngabalimi ngokusemthethweni "ngandlela-thile".

Ezikhathini zesikhathi esidlule, ama-corvee (umsebenzi ophoqelelwe wabantu abaxhomekile) ukhona kusukela emakhulwini angaba ngu-8 kuya ku-18. Leli fomu lomsebenzi okhululekile labesakazeka kakhulu ensimini yombuso waseRus futhi lakhona khona cishe kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngaphansi kwegama elithi "ukwabelana".

Izici zobuciko

Omunye wemisebenzi eyimpoqo yabalimi abaxhomeke eYurophu ephakathi - umuntu oyeka ukuphuma emsebenzini - wayekhona ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba kukhishwa. Okubalulekile kwalokhu kwenzeka ukuthi cishe wonke umhlaba wenkosi yama-feudal wanikezwa umlimi wakuleli owawusebenzisana nemithombo yakhe siqu futhi esebenzisa eyakhe inqolobane.

Isivuno esitholakale kulezi zabelo sasihlukaniswa sibe izingxenye ezimbili, esinye sazo sasizokhokha inkosi yase-feudal, enye isetshenziswe ngumlimi wezwe ngokuziqhenya kwakhe. Mayelana nokusabalalisa nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yezandla, umkhuba wemvelo (ukudla) wawuhlanganiswe nemali, futhi kwezinye izindawo eziqashisiwe kwashintshwa nhlobo. Imisebenzi enjalo ephoqelekile yabalimi abaxhomekile, njengemali yemvelo kanye nemali, yabe ishukumisela ukuhlukana okukhulu komsebenzi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bemali yezimpahla.

Isaphulelo sokuthuthukiswa

Umsebenzi wokuthuthukiswa njengendlela yokuphoqelelwa komsebenzi kwakuyinto elula kakhulu. Endabeni yakhe, abalimi abancike ekutholeni bathola umhlaba kusuka enkosini yama-feudal, izilwane zokuzalanisa, amathuluzi wezolimo neminye imishini. Njengengakhokhelo yokusetshenziswa kwalezi zimpahla, kwadingeka asebenze isikhathi esithile sokukhiqiza umninikhaya. Ngendlela, isistimu enjalo yokusebenza ngokuphoqeleka yayisakazeke kakhulu emazweni aseMpumalanga, lapho kwakungeke kube khona ukuxhomeka kwabantu ngabanye. Ukuqasha kwakuvame ukukhokhelwa ngemikhiqizo eyenziwe epulazini lezilwane ezixhomekile, ngezinto zendlu, ubucwebe, indwangu noma imali.