Inqubo engavamile emthethweni waseRoma: isisekelo nencazelo

Umthetho wamaRoma waba yisisekelo lapho kwakhiwa amasu omthetho emazweni amaningi. Iqala kusukela edolobhaneni elincane laseRoma, kamuva eliphendukela umbuso onamandla futhi omkhulu wamaRoma, owavumela ukuhlakaza izimiso zomthetho waseRoma kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Futhi vumela izwe ngalinye, zonke izinhlelo zomthetho ngendlela yakhe siqu ukuthi ziqonde futhi zisebenzise le ndawo, ama-nuances amaningi, okuyizinto ezisetshenziswayo, izinhlinzeko eziyisisekelo kanye nesistimu yomthetho ezigcinwe kuze kube yilolu suku. Indawo ephawulekayo ithathwa inqubo engavamile emthethweni waseRoma njengendlela yokwenza umphakathi.

Inqubo yombuso woMbuso WaseRoma

Inqubo yomphakathi yaseRoma, umlando wemvelaphi nokuthuthukiswa kwayo okubaluleke kakhulu kuma-jurists aseRoma awaziwa kakhulu, idlala indima enkulu ekuchazeni inkolelo nokuqonda komthetho wonke wamaRoma. Izici eziyinhloko zenkambiso zingacutshungulwa, ngenxa yobuningi be-codification, phakathi kwazo okumelela i-Code of Civil Civil Law ka-Emperor Justinian - Corpus juris civilis. Inqubo yomphakathi yaseRoma noma, njengoba kubizwa nangokuthi, inqubo yombango waseRoma, iyisiqondiso sangempela semisebenzi yabantu abenza iqhaza kule nkantolo kanye nenkantolo ngokujwayelekile ngokusebenzisa imigomo nemigomo yomthetho wenqubo yomphakathi. Ukubaluleka kwenqubo yomphakathi ezinhlobonhlobo zayo, okungukuthi, ukugunyazwa, okuvelele futhi okungavamile.

Umthetho Wezinqubo Zomthetho WaseRoma

Lolu hlobo lwenqubo luyi-archaic kakhulu. Uthole indawo yakhe ngisho nasemigqumeni ye-XII amatafula wabe eseyedwa kuphela wecala. Leli fomu lenqubo lithola igama layo kusukela kumthetho actio, okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "izizathu zomthetho" - ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ngokumelela. Ukuhlaziya wonke umlando wenqubo yomphakathi , i-lexacion ingabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi yiyona enzima kunayo yonke. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi indima yesimo iye yadlula kakhulu. Lokhu kuboniswe ngokucacile yisibonelo sikaGuy, esithathwe ku-Institution of Justinian: uma inkomo ibizwa ngokuthi inkomo, hhayi isilwane, isimangalo ngeke sisuthe, ngoba ngeke sihambisane nomthetho, osebenza kuphela nezilwane.

Inqubo yemifomula emthethweni wamaRoma

Uhlobo oluphelele kunazo zonke lwenqubo ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyinkambiso engavamile emthethweni waseRoma, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba isigaba sisho. Ngemuva kokugunyazwa, leli fomu lavumela wonke umthetho womphakathi ukuba "uphefumule" kusukela ekubhujisweni kohlaka lwezomthetho, okwakuthinta kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa komthetho wonke. Ukushintshela esiteji esisha kwagcina kwaqinisa umthetho okuthiwa u-praetor, ngenxa yalokho umthethosisekelo wakwazi ukusabela ngokushesha kunoma yiziphi izinguquko ohlelweni lwezomthetho. Inqubo ngokwayo yahlukaniswa yaba izingxenye ezimbili. Izinqubo zomthetho esiteji sokuqala zaholela ekudalweni kwefomula yombhalo eyabhalwa ngu-praetor, eyabonisa zonke izimo ze-nuances zecala kanye nezincomo kumjaji mayelana nesinqumo. Isigaba sesibili sabanjwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kwejaji.

Inqubo engavamile emthethweni waseRoma

Ukuthuthukiswa komthetho wamaRoma akuzange kuvimbe futhi kuvame ukuvakashelwa ukufuna uhlobo lwenqubo ezobe ibonakala ngokulula okulula nokungahlehlisi. Le nqubo yayiyi-ordinem eyengeziwe, noma engavamile. Ngokusungulwa kwezimiso zalolu hlelo, isibalo sejaji yangasese sanyamalala, zonke izimangalo zaqala ukucatshangwa ngumantji owodwa, futhi izinkambiso nezinkontileka zokwahlulela ziya ngemuva. Okuyinhloko yenqubo engavamile kubonakala ukuthi kungenzeka ukucubungula nokuhlaziya icala kuphela ngokubamba iqhaza kommangali. Kulokhu, izinto ezifanele zadingeka. Ukungabonakali enkantolo kudlala indima. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ijaji lalingabalulekile njengamafomu okudlulela kulolu hlelo, futhi umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wokuphatha kwakuyinselele enkantolo ngosuku oluthile. Uma ummangalelwa engekho, khona-ke leli cala alizange livaliwe futhi lihlolwe ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwakhe, kodwa ukwehluleka ukuvela enkantolo yommangali kwafaka ukuphela kokucutshungulwa kwendaba.

Ukubaluleka kwenqubo engavamile yokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu efanele

Inqubo engavamile emthethweni waseRoma waba yisigaba esisha ngokuphelele ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yomphakathi eRoma. Lokhu kwakubukeka obusha ngezinqubo zomthetho, okufaka izinguquko eziningi ohlelweni lwezomthetho. Leli fomu libhekene nezinga eliphakeme lokuguquguquka nokuxhuma nesistimu yokuphatha. Ngenxa yenqubo engavamile, isikhungo sovivinyo ngokungabikho kuvele ohlelweni lomthetho womphakathi . Icala alingacatshangwa, ukudlulisa izinqubo ezimbili, futhi isinqumo kuso kwakuyisinqumo somzimba wombuso, hhayi ijaji langasese. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, inqubo engavamile yayinemibandela engaphezu kwesimiso kunomthetho. Ijaji laba yisigungu sezomthetho, futhi ukuqedwa kwalolu daba kwaba yinkulumo egameni lombusi. Lesi sigaba ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yomphakathi yaseRoma yembula izici eziyinhloko zomthetho wamaRoma esikhathini esikude. Umsebenzi wezinhlangothi ezibhekene nalolu cala kanye nokwaziswa kwale nqubo kwaphela, futhi ohloniphekile, ubuholi bezenhlalo baqala ukwanda.

Inqubo ye-Postclassical

Ukuwa koMbuso WaseRoma kuboniswe kuzo zonke izici zesimiso sezomthetho. Inqubo ye-postclassical yindlela yokungajwayelekile, iguqulwe njengomphumela wezinguquko zombuso. Umehluko omkhulu ekubukeni kwe-classical ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kokuphathwa kwenqubo ebhaliwe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izinguquko ezinkulu kwinqubo yokuxazulula amacala enkantolo. Kulesi sigaba sokugcina senqubo yomphakathi yaseRoma, kwavela nombono wokwahlulela, okwakusho ukuthi ijaji lingacabanga ngamaphuzu athile akubalulekile uma iqembu elinentshisekelo kulokhu lingavumelani nokuphambene.