Ukubalwa kukaSlav: umlando

Uhlelo lwesimanje sokulandelana kwezinsuku lubuyela emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili emva kokuzalwa kukaJesu Kristu namakhulu eminyaka ambalwa ngaphambi kwalesi senzakalo. Nokho, ngaphambi kokufika kwekhalenda lobuKristu, abantu abahlukene babe nezindlela zabo zokulinganisa isikhathi. Izinhlanga zesiSilavic aziyona into ehlukile. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuphakama kobuKristu babe nekhalenda yabo siqu.

Umsuka wegama elithi "ikhalenda"

Ngokombiko osemthethweni, igama elithi "ikhalenda" livela kuLatini. ERoma lasendulo, inzalo ekhokhwayo ezinsukwini zokuqala zenyanga ngayinye, futhi idatha kubo ibhalwe encwadini yezikweletu okuthiwa i-calendarium. Kamuva, kwakusukela esihlokweni sencwadi ukuthi igama elithi "ikhalenda", elafika kumaSlav lobuKristu, lwenzeka.

Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi leli gama lithathwe enkulumweni ethi "Kolyadin Dar" (isipho sikaKolyada), okwakuthiwa ukulandelana kwesikhathi. Izazi zaseSlavic zasendulo zicabanga ukuthi kungenzeka. Abanye babo bayaqiniseka ukuthi amaRoma ayeboleka igama elithi "ikhalenda" kumaSlav, hhayi ngokuphambene nalokho. Zahlulela wena: ukuhunyushwa kwegama elithi calendarium, kanye nencazelo yokuthi ihlobene kanjani nezikweletu namabhuku - cha. Ngempela, ngesiLatini, isikweletu si-debitum, futhi le ncwadi i-libellus.

Ukulandelana kwezinsuku kusukela ekuzalweni kukaKristu

Kuze kube manje, inkathi yethu kusukela ebuKristwini bukaKristu ingaphezu kweminyaka engaba ngu-2 000. Kodwa-ke, isiko lokubala unyaka sisetshenziselwa cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane ngoba ngisho nokuqaphela ubuKristu njengenkolo esemthethweni yoMbuso WaseRoma, unyaka waqhubeka ubalekelwa ezinsukwini zomhlaba ezibalulekile. KwabaseRoma - kwakungumnyaka wokusungulwa kweRoma, amaJuda - unyaka wokubhujiswa kweJerusalema, amaSlav - unyaka wokudalwa kwezwe eThempelini leNkanyezi.

Kodwa ngelinye ilanga umonisi ongumRoma uDionysius, okwakhiwa amatafula e-Easter, wayexakeke phakathi kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokulandelana kwezenzakalo. Khona-ke wakhuphuka ngesimiso somhlaba jikelele, okuzoqala ngawo ngonyaka wokuzalwa kukaKristu. U-Dionysius wabalwa usuku olulinganiselwa ngalo mcimbi futhi kusukela manje usetshenziselwa ukulandelana kwesikhathi, okuthiwa "kusukela kuKuzalwa kukaKristu."

Ukusabalalisa lolu hlelo olwamukelwe eminyakeni engu-200 ngenxa yomonakalo u-Bede Venerable, owalusebenzisa emlandweni wakhe wezizwe ngezizwe zase-Anglo-Saxon. Ngenxa yalencwadi, abahlonishwa baseBrithani bashintsha kancane kancane ekhalendeni lamaKhristu, futhi emva kwalokho abaseYurophu benza kanjalo. Kodwa iziphathimandla zesonto zathatha iminyaka engama-200 ukuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lobuKristu lokulandelana kwesikhathi.

Ukuguquka kokulandelana kwamaKristu amaSlav

Embusweni waseRussia, ngaleso sikhathi owahlanganisa amazwe amaningi aseSlavic aseBelarus, ePoland, e-Ukraine nakwamanye amazwe, ukushintshela ekhalendeni lobuKristu kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 1, 1700 ngomyalo kaPetru I. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uZarari uPetru wayezonda Futhi wazama ukuqeda yonke into yamaSilavic, kuhlanganise nekhalenda, ngakho-ke yazisa uhlelo lobuKristu lokubhekisela kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, cishe kungenzeka ukuthi i-tsar ivele izama ukulungisa isikhathi esinjalo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ukulahlwa kwesiSlavic lapha, cishe, akunandaba.

Iqiniso liwukuthi ngokufika kobuKristu kumaSlav, abapristi bazama ngobuqotho ukuhumusha abeZizwe ekhalendeni lamaRoma. Abantu baphikisana futhi babambelela ngasese kukhalenda elidala. Ngakho-ke, eRussia kwakukhona ngempela amakhalenda amabili: amaRoma namaSlavic.

Noma kunjalo, maduze kulezi zincwadi zaqala ukudideka. Phela, abalobi beziGreki basebenzisa ikhalenda yamaRoma, kanye nabafundi bezindela zaseKivanvan Rus - ikhalenda yeSlavonic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kokubili amakhalenda ahluke kulokho eyamukelwa eYurophu nguDionysius. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, uPeter ngalawula ukudluliselwa okuphoqelekile kwawo wonke umbuso ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe ohlelweni lokulandelana kwezinsuku ezivela ebuKristwini bukaKristu. Njengoba umkhuba wabonisa, wawungaphelele futhi ngo-1918 leli zwe lihunyushwe kwikhalenda yanamuhla yaseGregory eyathatha iminyaka engqondweni .

Imithombo yolwazi mayelana nekhalenda lasendulo leSlavic

Namuhla ayikho idatha enokwethenjelwa yokuthi ikhalenda lasendulo yama-Slavic ibonakala kanjani. Idume manje "i-Circumnus ye-Numbog" yakhiwe kabusha ngesisekelo semininingwane evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yomlando yezikhathi ezizayo. Phakathi nokuvuselelwa kwekhalenda lasendulo leSlavonic, imithombo elandelayo yasetshenziswa:

• Ikhalenda lesikhumbuzo sabantu base-East Slavonic. Ubufakazi obubhaliwe buvela emakhulwini e-XVII-XVIII. Naphezu kwalesi sigaba "esincane," leli khalenda ilondoloze ulwazi oluningi mayelana nokuphila kwamaSilav ngesikhathi seRussia yobuqaba.
• Ikhalenda lesonto le "Izinyanga". Enkambweni yokuguqulwa kukaRussia, iziphathimandla zesonto zazivame ukugubha amaholidi angamaKristu ngamaholide amaqaba obuqaba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsuku zamaholidi ezivela "Mesyatseslov" ngezinsuku zamanye amakhalenda, kanye nasemithonjeni yamaculo, ungabala isikhathi samaholidi aseSlavic abalulekile.
• Ekhulwini le-XIX, esakhiweni sethempelini leVedic eRomania, amapulangwe angaba ngu-400 egolide aqoshiwe, kamuva aqanjwa ngokuthi "iSantia Dakov". Abanye babo bangaphezu kweminyaka engu-2000 ubudala. Lokhu akutholakali nje kubonisa ukuthi kukhona khona ulimi olulotshiwe phakathi kwamaSlav asendulo, kodwa futhi linikeza umthombo wolwazi mayelana nezinsuku zomlando wasendulo waseSlavic.
• Amanothi.
• Ukutholwa kwemvelo. Ngokuvamile lezi ziyizigodi zobumba ezenziwe ngezithombe zezimpawu zekhalenda. Okufundiswa kakhulu yizivalo zobumba zeChernyakhovskaya Slavic isiko (ama-III-IV eminyaka AD).

Izikhathi zamaSlav zasendulo

Ngokusho kolwazi oluqukethwe eSantiyah Dakov, umlando wamaSlav asendulo unama-14 epochs. Isenzakalo esibaluleke kunazo zonke, esasiyisiqalo sekhalenda, kwakuyi-convergence yeSolar nezinye izinhlelo ezimbili zeplanethi, ngenxa yalokho abantu basemhlabeni babheka ilanga ezintathu esibhakabhakeni ngesikhathi esisodwa. Le nkathi yayibizwa ngokuthi "Isikhathi Sezinsuku ezintathu" futhi sonyaka we-604 387 (ngokuphathelene no-2016).

• Ezingu-460 531-m eMhlabeni bafika njengabafokazi bevela ku-constellation ye-Little Bear. Babizwa ngokuthi amaDaireya, futhi le nkathi yayibizwa ngokuthi "Isikhathi Sezipho".
• Ku-273 910-m eMhlabeni futhi bafika abafokazi, kodwa manje kusukela e-Orion yezinkanyezi. Babizwa ngokuthi "ama-Aryan," futhi ngokuhlonishwa kwabo inkathi ibizwa ngokuthi "Isikhathi se-H'Arr."
• Ngo-211 699, ukuvakashelwa okulandelayo kwezidalwa zasemhlabeni kwenzeka, kubonisa ukuqala kwe "Time of Swag".
• Ngo-185 779, ukuphakama kweminye imizi emine ebaluleke kakhulukazikazikazi yaseDaariya-Thule yaqala. Leli dolobha lalidumile ngamakhono alobuchwepheshe futhi lakhula iminyaka engaba ngu-20 000. Lesi sikhathi sasibizwa ngokuthi "Isikhathi se-Tula".
• Ngo-165 043 indodakazi kaPerun - unkulunkulukazi uTara waletha amaSlav imbewu eningi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yanda amahlathi amaningi - ngakho yaqala "Isikhathi seTara".
• Ngo-153 349-m kwakukhona impi enkulu yokuKhanya nobumnyama. Ngenxa yalokho, elinye lama satellite eplanethi iPeton Lutizia labhujiswa, futhi izingcezu zalo zaba yindlebe ye-asteroids - lena yinkathi ka-Assa Dei.
• Ngo-143 003 abantu basemhlabeni abanokusizwa ngempumelelo yesayensi bakwazi ukuhudula isathelayithi kusuka kwenye iplanethi, kanti uMhlaba, owawunamathelethi amabili ngaleso sikhathi, waba yiwona wesithathu. Ukuhlonipha lesi senzakalo esibalulekile, inkathi entsha ibizwa ngokuthi "Isikhathi Senyanga Eyesithathu".
• Ngo-111 819, enye yezinyanga ezintathu yabhujiswa futhi izingcezu zayo zawela eMhlabeni, ngemuva kokushiya izwekazi lasendulo likaDaari. Noma kunjalo, izakhamuzi zakhona zibalekela - inkathi ye "Ukuvuselela Okukhulu Okuvela kuDaari" yaqala.
• E-106 791-m eMfuleni i-Irtysh yasungulwa edolobheni likaNkulunkulus Asgard lika-Irian, futhi uhlelo olusha lokulandelana kwezinhlelo lwalwenziwa kusukela ngonyaka wesisekelo salo.
• Ku-44 560-m yonke imikhaya yamaSlavic-Aryan ibumbene ukuhlala ndawonye ensimini efanayo. Kusukela kulo mzuzu isikhathi se-"Creation of the Great Kolo Rassenie" saqala.
• Ngo-40 017 uPerun wafika eMhlabeni futhi wabelane nabapristi ulwazi, ngenxa yalokho okwakwenzeka okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe babantu. Ngakho kwaqala inkathi ye "Ukufika Okwesithathu kwe-Vaitman Perun".
• Ngama-13 021-m, elinye i-satellite yeMhlaba yabhujiswa futhi izingxenye zalo, eziwile emhlabeni, zathinteka ukuthambekela kwe-axis. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwekazi ahlukanisa futhi icing, okuthiwa i-Great Cold Period (i-Chilli), yaqala. Ngendlela, ngokwezikhathi, lesi sikhathi sihambisana nesikhathi sokugcina se-glacial of the Cenozoic era.

Isintu sanamuhla siphila esikhathini esiqala ngayo ukubalwa kwezinto kusukela ekudalweni kwezwe eThempelini leNkanyezi. Ukudala kwalesi sikhathi namuhla kuneminyaka engaphezu kwezingu-7.5.

UGeorge onqobayo kanye nesikhathi sokudalwa kwezwe eThempelini leNkanyezi

Njengoba wazi, igama elithi "izwe" linencazelo eziningana. Ngakho, igama lenkathi yanamuhla livame ukuhunyushwa njengesikhathi sokudalwa kwendawo yonke. Nokho, "ukuthula" kusho nokubuyisana phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisayo. Kulokhu, igama elithi "Indalo Yezwe Ethempelini Lasezinkanyezi" lichaza ngokuhlukile.

Ngaphambi nje kokuba unyaka wokuqala ubhalwe "kusukela ekudalweni kwezwe eThempelini leNkanyezi," kwavela impi phakathi kwezizwe ezingamaSlavic namaShayina. Ngokulahlekelwa okukhulu, amaSlav aphumelela ukuphumelela, futhi ukuthula kwaphelelwa ngosuku lwama-equinox ekwindla phakathi kwezizwe ezimbili. Ukumaka lo mcimbi obalulekile, wenziwa iphuzu lokuqala kwenkathi entsha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, emisebenzini eminingi yobuciko lokhu ukunqoba kwakuvezwa ngokuyisisekelo njengendlela knight (Slavs) kanye dragon dragon (the Chinese).

Lesi simboli sasithandwa kakhulu kangangokuthi ukufika kobuKristu kwakungenakuqedwa. Kusukela ezinsukwini zeKiev Prince Prince Yaroslav the Wise, lo knight, owahlula udrako, wabizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi uGeorgii (Yury) onqobayo. Ukubaluleka kwaso kumaSlav kuboniswa nokuthi ukukhulekela iSt George kwakusakazeke kakhulu phakathi kwezizwe zonke zaseSlavic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezikhathi ezehlukene neKiev, naseMoscow, kanye neminye imizi eminingi yaseSlavic yasendulo ekhonjiswa ngezandla zalesi saint. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umlando waseSt. George udumile hhayi kuphela phakathi kwama-Orthodox namaKatolika, kodwa futhi phakathi kwamaSulumane.

Ukwakhiwa kwekhalenda elidala leSlavic

Ikhalenda lasendulo laseSlavic eliguquguqukayo eligcwele loMhlaba emhlabeni jikelele lingasho umnyaka, kodwa ehlobo. Iqukethe izinkathi ezintathu: ekwindla (ekwindla), ebusika nasentwasahlobo. Isikhathi ngasinye sinezinyanga ezingu-3 ngezinsuku ezingu-40-41 ngasinye. Isonto ngalezo zinsuku kwakunezinsuku ezingu-9, nosuku - kusukela emahoreni angu-16. Amaminithi namasekhondi ama-Slavs ayengenjalo, kodwa kwakukhona izingxenye, izingqinamba, izikhathi, izikhathi, sigas kanye ne-santigi. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ngabe ubuchwepheshe bufanele bube bunjani uma amagama ekhona ngezikhathi ezincane.

Iminyaka kule nqubo yayingalinganiswanga ngamashumi eminyaka namakhulu, njengamhlanje, kodwa ngeminyaka engu-144 yeminyaka: iminyaka engu-16 ngayinye yezinkanyezi ezingu-9 ze-Swarovski Circle.

Njalo ngonyaka ojwayelekile kusukela ekudalweni kwezwe eNtabeni Yenkanyezi yayinezinsuku ezingu-365. Futhi bheka unyaka we-16 we-leap wawuyizinsuku ezingu-369 (njalo ngenyanga zinezinsuku ezingu-41).

Unyaka Omusha kumaSlav asendulo

Ngokungafani nekhalenda yanamuhla, lapho uNyaka Omusha ufika phakathi nobusika, ikhalenda yeSlavic ibhekwa ukuqala konyaka wonyaka. Nakuba kulo magazini, imibono yezombusazwe ihlukanisa. Iningi lososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi uNyaka Omusha wokuqala wawungosuku lwama-equinox e-autumnal, okwakusiza ukulungisa ngokunembile ikhalenda yamaSlav kusukela ekudalweni kwezwe eNkampanini ye-Star. Kodwa-ke, ngokutholwa kobuKristu ngokwesiko saseByzantine, ukuqala konyaka omusha kwazama ukuhlehliswa ngenyanga yokuqala. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokufanayo kwakungekho amakhalenda amabili kuphela, kodwa amasiko amabili okugubha uNyaka Omusha: ngo-Mashi (njengaseRoma) no-September (kokubili eByzantium naseSlav).

Izinyanga zamaSlav zasendulo

Inyanga yokuqala ye-Old Slavic ikhalenda yenyanga eyisishiyagalolunye yayiyiRamkhat (kusukela ngoSeptemba 20-23), ilandelwa izinyanga zasebusika Islet (Okthoba 31-Novemba 3), iBaylet (uDisemba 10-13) noGaylet (ngoJanuwari 20-23).

Izinyanga zasentwasahlobo zazibizwa ngokuthi i-Daylet (ngo-1-4 Mashi), i-Eilet (11-14 Ephreli) no-Weillet (21-24 Meyi). Ngemva kokuqala, i-Ousen yayiyizinyanga ze-Haylet (ngo-July 1-4) no-Taylet (Agasti 10-13). Futhi ngenyanga eyalandela, ekwindla uRamhathi kwakuyisiqalo soNyaka Omusha.

Ngokutholwa kobuKristu esikhundleni samaRoma, wanika amagama eSlavic ezinyangeni. Ngokusungulwa kwekhalenda elisha likaPetru I, amagama aseLatini abuyiselwe ezinyangeni. Bahlala olimini lwesiRashiya banamuhla, kuyilapho izizalwane zagcina noma zibuyisela amagama ajwayelekile eSlavic ezinyangeni.

Ayaziwa ukuthi babizwa kanjani ngokufika kobuKristu ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kukaPeter I, noma kunjalo, kunezinhlobo eziningana ezivuselelwa ngenxa yohlu lwabantu abahlukahlukene beSlavic.

Iviki lamaSlav

Umbuzo wenani lezinsuku ngesonto ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kukaPetru I kuqhubeka ingxabano kuze kube yilolu suku. Abaningi bathi kukhona okungu-7 kubo - ngakho-ke amagama asaphila kuzo zonke izilimi zesiSlavic.

Kodwa-ke, uma ucabanga ngamagama avela ku "Humpbacked Horse", kuba isimanga ukuthi umbhalo we-1834 ukhuluma kanjani ngalelo langa ngesonto ngokuthi "i-octopus", elandelwa ngolunye usuku-"isonto".

Kuvela ukuthi izinkumbulo zesonto eliyisishiyagalolunye zihlala enkumbulweni yamaSlav, ngakho-ke ekuqaleni kwakukhona izinsuku ezingu-9 kuphela.

Indlela yokubala unyaka ekhalendeni elidala laSlavonic?

Namuhla, amaSlav amaningi azama ukubuyela emasikweni okhokho babo, kuhlanganise nekhalenda yabo.

Kodwa izwe lanamuhla, ephila ngokuvumelana nekhalenda lobuKristu, kudinga ukuthi umuntu akwazi ukuhamba kuloluhlaka lokubhekisela lweminyaka. Ngakho-ke, wonke umuntu osebenzisa isikhathi se-Slavic (kusukela ekudalweni kwezwe), ukuhumusha iminyaka kusuka kuso ibe ohlelweni lobuKristu, kufanele azi. Naphezu kokungafani okusobala phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbili zokulandelana kwezinhlelo, kulula ukwenza. Udinga ukwengeza kunoma yiluphi usuku lwekhalenda lobuKristu isibalo esingu-5508 (umehluko eminyakeni phakathi kwezinhlelo) futhi ungahumusha lolo suku kwikhalenda yeSlavic. Ngabe unyaka wamanje walesi simiso, ungakwazi ukucacisa ngefomula elandelayo: 2016 + 5508 = 7525. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi unyaka wanamuhla uqala kusukela ngoJanuwari, namaSlav kusukela ngoSeptemba, ngakho-ke ungasebenzisa i-calculator ye-intanethi ngokubala okunembile.

Sekudlulile iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu kusukela izakhamuzi zaseMbusweni waseRussia ziyeka ukusebenzisa ikhalenda yeSlavic. Naphezu kokunemba kwayo, namuhla umlando kuphela, kodwa kufanele ukhunjulwe, ngoba awuhlanganisi nje kuphela ukuhlakanipha kookhokho, kodwa futhi wawuyingxenye yesiko lamaSlavic, okuthi, naphezu kukaPeter I, wayengelona nje ngaphansi kweYurophu, kodwa futhi Ezinye izinto zidlula kuye.