Ukuphuma komuntu wokuqala esikhaleni sangaphandle: usuku, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ngo-Mashi 1965, i-Voskhod-2 yesikhala semikhumbi yayigcwele. Ngaphambi kweqembu labadlali be- PA. UBelyaeva no-A.A. I-Leonova yayingeyona into elula, kodwa enomthwalo wemfanelo kakhulu - ukuqalisa ukuphuma komuntu owake wangena esikhaleni sangaphandle.

Ukuqaliswa okuqondile kwalokhu kuhlolwa kwawela ku- Aleksey Leonov, futhi ngo-Mashi 18 wayiphatha ngempumelelo. I-cosmonaut yaphumela endaweni evulekile, ishiya umhlalaphansi kusukela emkhunjini ngamamitha angu-5 futhi yabanjwa ngaphesheya kwayo yonke imizuzu engu-12 nemizuzwana engu-9.

Ukuhamba kwe-"Sunrise" kwakungekho ngaphandle kwezimo eziphuthumayo namacala e-curious. Kunzima ukuchaza ukuthi kungakanani amandla engqondo nengokwenyama okwakufanele asetshenziswe kubantu abalungisa lolu cwaningo olukhulu - ukuphuma komuntu endaweni evulekile. Amaqiniso anentshisekelo nemininingwane engaziwayo yendiza futhi ukulungiselela kwayo kwaba yisisekelo salesi sihloko.

I-Idea

Umqondo wokuthi ukuphuma kwalowo muntu endaweni yangaphandle kungenzeka, wabonakala eNdlovukazi ngo-1963. Umklami wancoma ukuthi maduzane lokho okuhlangenwe nakho ngeke kube yinto efiselekayo kuphela, kodwa kuyadingeka ngokuphelele. Wayeqinisile. Emashumini eminyaka alandela, i-cosmonautics yaqala ngokushesha. Isibonelo, ukugcina ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwe-ISS ngokujwayelekile bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle komhlangano wangaphandle kanye nokulungisa, okuphinde kuphinde kubonise ukuthi kunesidingo kanjani ukuphuma komuntu wokuqala esikhaleni sangaphandle. Unyaka ka-1964 kwaba ukuqala kwezilungiso ezisemthethweni zalolu cwaningo.

Kodwa-ke, ngo-1964, ukuze kusetshenziswe iphrojekthi enje, kwakudingeka ukuthi ucabange ngokucophelela ukuklanywa komkhumbi. Ngenxa yalokho, "i-Voskhod-1" efakazelwe kahle ithathwe njengesisekelo. Enye yezimpawu zakhe yashintshwa yi-gateway yokuphuma, futhi yanciphisa inani labadobi ukusuka ku-3 kuya kweyesibili. I-airlock ngokwayo yayine-inflatable futhi yayingaphandle komkhumbi. Ngemuva kokuthi ukuhlolwa sekuphelile, ngaphambi kokufika, kwadingeka ahlukanise naye. Ngakho i-spaceship "Voskhod-2" ivele.

Kwakukhona omunye, inkinga enkulu kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa okuyingozi kwakudingeka ukuba kuqala usebenze ngezilwane. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwashiywa, kucabanga ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-spacesuit ekhethekile yesilwane - kuyinkinga kakhulu futhi kuyabiza. Ngaphandle kwalokho, wayengeke aphendule umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu: umuntu uzoziphatha kanjani esikhaleni sangaphandle? Kunqunywe ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kubantu.

Namuhla, abahamba ngezinkanyezi bayakwazi ukuhamba emkhunjini amahora amaningana futhi baqhubekele endaweni evulekile yokusebenzisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ubudala kwakubonakala sengathi iyinganekwane ephelele noma yokuzibulala.

The Crew

Ekuqaleni, iqembu lama-cosmonauts elungiselela indiza laliyiLeonov, Gorbatko noKrunov. UBelyaev wayesemkhawulweni wokudonswa kombutho wezitshalo ze-cosmonaut ngezizathu zempilo, futhi kuphela ekuphikeleni kukaGagarin ukuthi wayefakwe eqenjini elungiselela indiza.

Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa amaqembu amabili: eyinhloko - uBelyaev, Leonov - kanye nokulondoloza - Gorbatko, Khrunov. Abasebenza kulolu hambo babe nezidingo ezikhethekile. Ithimba kwakudingeka lisebenze njengelinye, kanye ne-cosmonauts - ukuba ihambisane nomunye ngokwemigomo yesayensi.

Imiphumela yokuhlola ibonisa ukuthi uBelyaev unenhlanhla enkulu nokuziqhenya okukhulu, akakwazi ukulahlekelwa ikhanda kunoma yisiphi isimo, kanti uLeonov, ngokuphambene nalokho, uyangena esicashunayo, engacabangeli, kodwa onesibindi kakhulu futhi onesibindi. Laba bantu ababili, abahluke kakhulu, bangasebenza ngokubili ngamabili, okwakuyimfuneko yokwenza ukuphuma komuntu wokuqala esikhaleni sangaphandle.

Ukuqeqeshwa

Ezinyangeni ezintathu zokuqala, izidakamizwa zazifunda umklamo kanye namadivayisi womkhumbi omusha, kulandelwa ukuqeqeshwa isikhathi eside ezimweni ezinamandla kakhulu. Lokhu kwakudingeka indiza engaqondakali kanye nomshayeli owaziwa kakhulu onokuzethemba enza izibalo ze-aerobatics. Ukuhamba indiza indiza yakwazi ukulinganisa i-zero-gravity ingqikithi yamaminithi angu-2. Kwakuyi-sikhathi ukuthi izimonon kufanele zifeze uhlelo lonke oluhleliwe.

Ekuqaleni, ukuhamba ngezindiza kuma-MIGs, kodwa abashayeli bezinkanyezi ababambe iqhaza babenqatshelwe ithuba lokuthutha. Kunqunywe ukuthatha iT-104LL eyengeziwe. Ngaphakathi kwezindiza kufakwe imodeli yomkhumbi wesikhala okuyingxenye yekamelo le-airlock, kule simulator ehlongozwayo kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuyinhloko okwenziwe.

Izikhala ezingavamile

Namuhla emnyuziyamu we-astronautics ungabona okufanayo lapho i-Leonov yenza khona ukuphunyuka komuntu esikhaleni sangaphandle. Isithombe se-astronaut esomomotheka esihlokweni sokuthi "I-USSR" yashayela wonke amaphephandaba omhlaba, kodwa akekho owazi ukuqagela ukuthi umonakalo omkhulu kangakanani lokhu kumamatheka.

Ikakhulukazi izitshalo ezikhethekile ze "Voskhod-2" zakhiwe, ezithwala igama elibi elithi "Berkut". Babenegobolondo eliyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngemuva komhlane we-astronaut kwakuyi-satchel enehlelo lokusekela impilo. Ukuze kubonakale ukukhanya okungcono, ngisho nombala we-spacesuits washintshwa: esikhundleni sokwejwayelekile kwe-orange, kwasetshenziswa umhlophe. Isisindo saso sonke "se-Eagle Golden" sasingaba ngu-100 kg.

Konke ukuqeqeshwa kwenzeka kakade ezindaweni zokuhlala, uhlelo lokugcinwa olwalushiywe kakhulu. Ukunikezwa kwamanzi kwakungakhiwe kahle, ngakho-ke, ngokunyakaza kancane kancane, i-cosmonaut yavele yambozwa ngophupho kusuka ekujuleni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-suits ayengakhululekile kakhulu. Babenomdlandla kangangokuthi ukuze bafake isandla esandleni sokubamba, kwakudingeka kwenziwe umzamo wama-25 kilogram. Ukuze akwazi ukwenza noma yikuphi ukunyakaza kwezembatho ezinjalo, kwadingeka aqeqeshe njalo. Lo msebenzi wawuwukugqoka nokugqabuka, kodwa ama-cosmonauts aye enkani ngenkani emgomweni owakuthandayo - ukwenza kube lula ukuphuma komuntu endaweni evulekile. I-Leonov, ngendlela, yayibhekwa njengeyona eqinile kunazo zonke futhi eqine kakhulu eqenjini, okuyizici eziningi ezazikhethela indima yakhe eyinhloko ekuhlolweni.

Umbukiso wesiboniso

Phakathi nokuqeqeshwa, uCharles de Gaulle, umngane omkhulu we-USSR, wagijima waya eMoscow, futhi uKrushchev wanquma ukuziqhenya ngokuphumelela kweSoviet cosmonautics phambi kwakhe. Wanquma ukukhombisa lo mFulentshi ukuthi ama-cosmonauts enza kanjani ukuphuma komuntu endaweni evulekile. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi ukuhamba kwangempela kuzothunyelwa kubasebenzi abazobamba iqhaza kulokhu "isethulo". Ngokwe-Gagarin ngalesi sikhathi esibalulekile Khrunov washintshwa nguBelyaev. Ngokwezikhumbuzo zikaKhrunov, akazange aqonde izisusa zalokhu esikhundleni sakhe futhi isikhathi eside agcina intukuthelo yakhe kuGagarin ngalesi senzo esingacacile.

Kamuva uGagarin wachazela uKrunov isikhundla sakhe, ukholelwa ukuthi kwakudingeka unike uBelyaev ithuba lokugcina lokuya endaweni. I-Khrunov encane yayingakwenza lokhu ngemuva kwalokho okungaphezu kwesisodwa, ngaphandle kwalokho, uBelyaev wayefaneleka kangcono kuLeonov kusuka endaweni yokubuka kwengqondo.

Inkinga ngaphambi kokuqala

Usuku ngaphambi kokuqala, inkathazo enkulu yenzeka. Ngenxa yokunganakwa kwesosha eliqaphi, isillu sulfice esine-inflatable sasisuka emkhunjini ukuze sihlole ukuthi ukuqina kuvele kungazelelwe kwaqothulwa. Kwakungenalutho, ngakho-ke kunqunywe ukuthi kusetshenziswe lokho, yiziphi izidakamizwa ezazisetshenziswa ukuqeqesha isikhathi eside. Lesi sigameko singabulala, kepha ngenhlanhla konke kwavela, isango elisetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe liphikisiwe, futhi ukuphuma komuntu wokuqala esikhaleni sangaphandle kwenzeka ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuphuma emkhathini

Kwakukhona imibono eminingi mayelana nokuziphatha komuntu engaphandle . Abafisa ukufuna ukulimaza bathi i-astronaut, eyaphuma ngaphandle kwesikhala semikhumbi, yabe isetshenziswe kuye ngokushesha, ingasuswa ithuba lokuthutha noma ngisho nokunyuka ngokuphelele . Kunzima kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi yini enye engabangela ukuphuma komuntu endaweni yangaphandle. Ngo-1965 kungaba kalula ukuhluleka okukhulu kwesimiso seSoviet. Kodwa-ke, umkhuba kuphela ongaqinisekisa noma ukuphika lezi zinkinga ezingenangqondo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi, akukho izinhlelo zokusindisa ezazisungulwa. Into kuphela eyenziwa abahlinzeki bemvelo kuyimvume uma kwenzeka into evule ukukhipha bese ibeka isandla kuyo.

Lapho umkhumbi ungena endaweni evuliwe, uLeonov waqala ukulungiselela ukuphuma. Konke kwahamba ngokuvumelana nokuhlelwa, lapho ihora le-X lifika, i-cosmonaut yanciphisa kahle futhi yagijima ngaphandle kwesikrini esingaphandle.

Ukubikezela okubi kunazo zonke kwabathengayo akuzange kugcwaliseke, futhi i-cosmonaut yazizwa ihloniphekile. Wagcwalisa yonke isimiso esinqunyiwe, futhi kwakuyisikhathi sokubuyela emkhunjini. Ngalokhu, kwavela izinkinga. Ukuvutha ku-suit engenamkhawulo yesikhala akuzange kuvumele uLeonov angene ngaphakathi kwe-airlock. Khona-ke yena, ngaphandle kokubonisana nomuntu, ngokunciphisa ngokucindezela okwenziwe endaweni yakhe futhi egijimela ekhanda, hhayi ngokuphambene nalokho, njengoba kuhlelwe. Ukuphuma komuntu wokuqala endaweni yangaphandle kwaqedwa, kanti u-Alexei Leonov wabhala igama lakhe emlandweni wokuhlola isikhala.

Okuphuthumayo ekukhuphukeni

"I-Voskhod-2" yayineziphambeko eziningi, futhi ngemva kokuphothulwa komsebenzi wendiza kwakukhona isimo esiphuthumayo. Lapho isango lokuphuma lixoshwa, izinzwa zesimo se-solar-stellar sakha. Lapho umkhumbi wenza i-16 yayo ijikeleze umhlaba, i-MCC ithole imiyalo yokunciphisa. Kodwa umkhumbi wawuqhubeka uhamba, njengokungathi akukho okwenzekile. Lapho efika kumjikelezo wesi-17, kwacaca ukuthi isimiso sokuhamba okuzenzakalelayo asizange sisebenze, futhi abasebenzi basebenze ukushintshela ekulawuleni komuntu. Ukuhamba, umsebenzi oyinhloko owawuphuma kulo muntu endaweni yangaphandle, ungagcina enhlekeleleni.

Ngezindleko zemizamo engavamile, uBelyaev noLeonov baphinda baqala ukulawula phezu komkhumbi, kodwa base bephuzile nge injini bavalelwe cishe umzuzu. Ngenxa yalokho, indawo yokuhlela indawo ehleliwe yahlala kude futhi imoto yokuqalisa yafika emahlathini asePermian asezithulu.

Ukuphinda kusebenze

Abadlali bezinkanyezi bahlala ehlathini lasebusika izinsuku ezimbili eside. Yiqiniso, enye i-helicopter isazama ukulahla izingubo zazo ezifudumele, kodwa ayilahlekile, futhi iphakheji lalahleka ezinqabweni zeqhwa.

I-helicopter ayikwazanga ukuhlala eqhweni elijulile phakathi kwezihlahla, futhi abadlali bezinkanyezi babengenayo imishini edingekayo yokunquma izihlahla, noma ukugcwalisa iqhwa ngamanzi futhi benze i-pad ehamba kahle ye-ice. Ekugcineni, ithimba lokulondoloza lafinyelela ema-cosmonauts amaqhwa ngezinyawo futhi lakwazi ukukhipha ehlathini lehlathi.

Naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga zokulungiselela kanye nezigameko ezingathandeki ngesikhathi sezindiza, uBelyaev noLeonov babhekene nomsebenzi wabo oyinhloko - bamenza umuntu wangena endaweni evulekile. Usuku lomcimbi waba esinye sezigameko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni weSoviet cosmonautics.