I-Industrial Revolution e-England kanye nokubaluleka kwayo

Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi bekuyokwenzekani empucuko yethu yanamuhla, uma ubuchwepheshe obuningi obungakaze buqaliswe ekukhiqizeni izimboni ngekhulu le-18 leminyaka. Umholi obaluleke kakhulu kulokhu wayeyi- Great Britain, eyakwazi ukudala injini yesikhutha, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni okusebenzayo kwemishini emisha yokuzikhandla. Kamuva le nkathi yayibizwa ngokuthi "inguquko yezimboni eNgilandi", engazange isinciphise umsebenzi wamashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu, kodwa nayo yanikela ekuqalisweni komphakathi okusha.

Okokuqala, ngokusungulwa kwe-injini yangaphakathi yomlilo, sekuye kwenzeke ukuthi kwenziwe ngcono ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhakha ngokukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yokudoba. ENgilandi, lokhu kwakuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona amandla omkhumbi wezwe, ogxilile olwandle lwaluhlala kulo. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ukubonakala kwemikhumbi kwafaka isandla ekukhuliseni amandla ayo kuphela, kodwa nasekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka kwemikhumbi, njengoba kwakungenzeka manje ukuthwala abagibeli ngesilinganiso esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo kwezitimela kwaqala, futhi ukuguqulwa kwezimboni eNgilandi kwasiza ngalokhu ukubeka uxhumano olucacile lokuthutha phakathi kwazo zonke izifundazwe zaleli zwe.

Imithombo yemvelo ecebile kanye nezinqolobane ezinkulu zamalahle zenze kube lula ukuletha imishini emisha yobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni, ngenxa yokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwanda izikhathi eziningana. Kodwa-ke, uma kusukela ekubukeni kwezobuchwepheshe konke kwahamba kahle, ngakho-ke inhlalakahle yabonakala ubunzima. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuvulwa kwamafektri amasha kanye nezitshalo kudinga abasebenzi abasebenza kahle , abathintekayo emkhakheni wezolimo. Lokhu kungukuthi, kwakukhona ukubuyiswa kwemisebenzi yabasebenzi, futhi njengoba ukuguqulwa kwezimboni eNgilandi kwaqeda ukuxhumeka kobasebenzi nomhlaba, emkhakheni wezolimo kwakukhona ukuntuleka okukhulu kwabasebenzi. Abantu baqala ukunyakaza kakhulu ukuze bahlale emadolobheni futhi bathole amakhono okusebenza. Noma kunjalo, konke lokhu kwaholela kwenye inkinga ebalulekile, ngoba manje umphakathi uhlelwe ngokucacile ngesimo saso. Kwakukhona amakhosi, kwakunezisebenzi ezingazange zithandane, njengoba abaholi bezitshalo nezimboni bezimboni bekhokhwa, njengomthetho, umholo ophansi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinguquko ezimbonini eNgilandi zenzeka eminyakeni engamashumi eminyaka, futhi ngenxa yokuvela kwemishini emisha emisha, ezinye izisebenzi zokusebenza zanyamalala. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaphakama izinga eliphezulu lokungasebenzi, futhi izidingo zabafuna umsebenzi zanda kakhulu ngokwezimfanelo zokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwamakilasi amabili okuhlukaniswa komphakathi-i-bourgeoisi kanye ne-proletariat-ukungezwani okukhulu sekuqalile ukuvela, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo kuyoholela emiphumeleni yokuguqula.

Ukuguqulwa kwezimboni eNgilandi kanye nokulandela kwayo kwembula inqwaba yamabutho aphikisayo, ngalinye lalwela izithakazelo zalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbuso wezimboni wezokuhweba kanye nebhange wagqugquzela iziphathimandla ukuba ziphumule imithetho ohlelweni lwezimali nezesikweletu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanikazi bezindlu, abanamapheshana amakhulu, abalahlekile abasebenza emasimini, okwaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu. Abanikazi bamafektri namafektri baheha abasebenzi abasha emafektri, noma kunjalo, babakhokha kude nokugcwele.

Ngakho-ke, ngokucaphuna phezulu, singasho ukuthi izinguquko zezimboni zinezimpikiswano ezinkulu, ngoba zanikezela kokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nezokuthuthukiswa kwesintu nokuguqulwa komphakathi okukhulu. Imiphumela yempinduko yezimboni eNgilandi isacwaningwa izazi-mlando kanye nabacwaningi bezindawo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu zesayensi - ezivela emiphakathini yezenhlalakahle kuya kubazombusazwe kanye namasiko e-culturologists.