Ithempeli lokuqala lamatshe le-Ancient Rus yilaphi ithempeli?

Isibonakaliso senkambiso yama-Orthodox yaseRussia yasendulo iye yaba yithempeli njalo. Ubuhle nobukhulu benkolo buqala phakathi nendawo yokuphila kwesonto - amasonto angama-Orthodox.

Kusuka emthini kuya ematshe

Ukuchima kwamahlathi eRussia kwaholela ekutheni kwakhiwe ukwakhiwa kwamapulangwe. Umuthi ubhekwa njengento eshibhile, futhi ubunzima bokumba amatshe wokwakha nakho kwathinta inani lalo.

Umlando we-Ancient Rus uchaza ukuthi cishe zonke izakhiwo zazingamapulangwe: amahlombe, izindlu zamakhosi, izindlu ezihlala phansi, namasonto. Igigi laliyisici esiyinhloko kunoma iyiphi i-design. Amaphrojekthi wokudala ayelinganiselwe. Bambalwa abantu abesaba ukuhlolwa okudinga ukuchitha imali ekufuneni izinto ezihlukile. Amaphrojekthi ezindala zezindlu ezihlala phansi kwakuyizakhiwo ze-log ze-quadrangular. Izingoma eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwakuyizindlu zesikhulu, amasonto amatende.

Kungenxa ye-fragility yezinto zokwakha ukuthi okuningi kwezakhiwo zakudala zaseRussia zilahlekile.

Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe

Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kuhlotshaniswa nokubhapathizwa kukaRussia. Isonto lokuqala lamatshe e-Ancient Rus yilo elahlelwa eKievni ngabakhi beConstantinople. Abalando-mlando bacabangela usuku lomcimbi kube ngumnyaka we-989. Ngaphambi kwalokho, kwakukhona namathempeli, kodwa izakhiwo zokhuni.

Uma ukholwa yi-annals, ukwakhiwa kwethempeli kwaqedwa ngo-996, khona-ke kwakukhona ukuhlanjululwa okukhulu.

I-Symbol of Faith and Tradition

Isimo sengqondo samakholwa emasontweni selokhu siphethekile e-Orthodoxy. Ngokuvamile, ukwakhiwa kwesonto elisha kwenzeka eminikelweni.

Izimpande zawo zibuyela ezikhathini zeTestamente Elidala. Ngokusho kwemilando kuthiwa isonto lokuqala lokuqala lamatshe e-Ancient Rus yiSonto LikaMoya Oyingcwele, noma, ngamanye amazwi, iSonto LamaKhumi. Ngemuva kokubhapathizwa kukaRus, eminyakeni yokuqala, ukwakhiwa kwesonto elikhazimulayo kwaqala ngokulandela amasiko aseByzantium naseBulgaria. Umsunguli wezinhloso ezinhle wayenguPrince Vladimir, owanikeza ingxenye yeshumi yemali engenayo.

Kuze kube manje, isonto lokuqala lamatshe e-Ancient Rus alizange ligcinwe ngendlela yalo yangempela. Kwabhujiswa amaMongol-Tatars ngesikhathi kutholakala iKiev. Umsebenzi wokubuyisela waqala ngekhulu le-XIX. Kodwa-ke, ukuklama kwalesi sonto kwaphazamisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwamasonto kulo lonke elaseRussia.

Mayelana nesonto lokuqala lamatshe

Isonto lokuqala lamatshe eRussia lasendulo lathola igama layo kusukela okweshumi okunikezwa yisikhulu sokwakhiwa. Ngakho-ke yayigcinwe emlandweni wencazelo yakhe - iSonto LamaShumi.

Ngokungangabazeki, isonto lokuqala lamatshe e-Ancient Rus isakhiwo esingabhekwa njengesonto lesigodlo. Ngokwezinsalela zesisekelo sezitini, izazi-mlando ziye zaphetha ngokuthi izakhiwo zesigodlo zakhiwa eduze. Ukubhujiswa okuphawulekayo akuvumeli ukubuyisela ukubukeka kwawo kwangempela kwezakhiwo, kodwa ngokusho kochwepheshe bekungamakamelo angaphambili.

Izakhiwo zendlu yezigodlo zendawo yokuhlala kwakuyingxenye yamapulangwe engaphansi kwesibili samatshe asezindlini zamatshe, noma kwakungekho eduze kwethempeli lokuqala lamatshe eRussia Yase-Ancient. Kuyinto engokomlando ukuthi uKiev wayevelele phakathi kwamanye amadolobha anezakhiwo zamatshe ezitini . Inhloko-dolobha yombuso yayihlukaniswa ukwakhiwa okukhulu.

Ithonya lamakhosi aseGrisi emklamo wokwakhiwa kwe-Transfiguration Cathedral lilandelwa kahle.

Phakathi nokubusa kukaMstislav ne-Yaroslav izwe lahlukaniswa. Khona-ke isigaba esilandelayo sokwakha saqala. Edolobheni laseChernigov, ukwakhiwa kwaqala ekuqaleni. UMstislav wabeka isisekelo se-Spassky Cathedral.

Usuku oluqondile lokuqaliswa kokwakhiwa alulandelwa emithonjeni ebhaliwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1036 izindonga ze-cathedral zaba nencazelo "njengokungathi zimi ehhashi ngesandla", okusho ukuthi "kakhulu kakhulu". Emlandweni, usuku lubekwe uphawu lokufa kweNkosana Mstislav.

E-Kiev, iSt. Sophia Cathedral yakhiwa emva kweChernigov Spassky Cathedral. Ukuhlaziya isimo sezombangazwe kanye nedatha yemlando, isikhathi lapho isonto lamatshe lakhiwa khona, singacabangela ngonyaka ka-1037. I-Cathedral yaseSt. Sophia ibonisa isifiso sokuphinda amaphethini aseByzantine. Ithempeli elikhulu kunazo zonke laseKivanvan Rus lithathwa njengesibonelo njengokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esiphambanweni ekwakhiweni kwamasonto aseNovagorod nasePolotsk.

Ngo-1073, i-Assumption Cathedral ye-Kiev Monastery ye-Caves yafakwa. Leli thempeli ladlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo zaseRussia. Ku-"Pechersk Paterik" kukhona inothi: "... abaphathi bebandla besilisa abane," - ngakho-ke ukufika kwabadwebi ekwakhiweni kwalesi sakhiwo kusuka eConstantinople kuchazwa. Ukwakhiwa kwesonto lesakhiwo seMeya yaseKiev-Pechersky nakho kwathonywa yi-Kiev Sophia. Umlando ongathandeki we-Assumption Cathedral uqinisekisa i-Orthodox emandleni okholo - i-cathedral, eyakhishwa ngo-1942, yakhiwa kabusha ngawo-1990.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XI, idolobha elikhulu lasendulo lasePhereyaslavl lithola ukubaluleka kwezempi nezombusazwe. Ngaphandle kwezindonga zayo, izwe laseKiev kanye nalo lonke i-Middle Dnieper bathole isembozo kumaPolvvusiya ahlaselayo. Emhlabeni walomuzi okhazimulayo, ukwakha "idolobha litshe" - isonto likaMichael - livezwe. Ngesinyathelo sikaPrince Vladimir Monomakh noMbhishobhi Ephrem kwavela isango elinesonto lesango laseFedor. Ngo-1098, ukwakhiwa kweSonto leTheotokos kuqala enkantolo yenkosi.

Ngokusho kokushiwo kwemibhalo, ngaphandle komuzi kwakukhona amasonto esonto elincane emfuleni i-L'et. Ngeshwa, abantu base-Orthodox nabalwazi-mlando, izikhumbuzo zasePereyaslavl azange zisinde kuze kube manje.

Incazelo yesonto - kusukela ekufundeni esihlokweni sobukhosi

Amathempeli aseRussia yase-Ancient yashukumisa izincazelo zamagama, imigwaqo, imigwaqo, imizi. Zonke izinto ezihlotshaniswa nendawo engcwele zamukela ngokushesha igama lesonto, isonto.

Ngesikhathi samasonto ase-Ancient Rus kwakuyindawo yokuhlanganiswa. Ukuhlala okusha kwaqala ngokukwakhiwa kwethempeli - isikhungo sokuphila kuwo wonke umuntu. Izinkonzo zikaNkulunkulu zaleso sikhathi zaqoqa cishe bonke abahlali bendawo. Imicimbi ebalulekile emndenini ngamunye kwakuyimigomo: imishado, ubhapathizo, imingcwabo, izibusiso.

Ithempeli ladlalela indima enkulu enkolweni yama-Orthodox. Umhlobiso wamakamelo, imikhosi, imifanekiso yanika okholwa ithemba lokusindisa umphefumulo wakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke umuntu angajabulela ubuhle bethempeli.

Ukucindezela okukhulu kwanika i-Orthodoxy ukwakha ubuciko. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwamathempeli. Ngomuntu okholwayo, ibandla laliyisisekelo esiyinhloko sayo sonke isiko nokukhulekela. Yingakho ezinye izenzakalo ezibalulekile ezingahlobene nokuphila kwesonto, zidluliselwe ngaphansi kwedome le-shrine. Lezi zihlanganisa: ukugcotshwa kwamakhosi esihlalweni sobukhosi, soborhood, isimemezelo somyalelo wenkosi. Ungakhohlwa ukubaluleka kwamathempeli ekufundiseni abantu ukufunda nokubhala.

Ukusebenza njengesimo senhlalakahle emiphakathini yabantu baseRussia yaseMandulo, amasonto kanye namathempeli kwakuyizindawo lapho ukuqeqeshwa kuhlelwe khona, izindawo zokugcina izincwadi, amashabhu, amashabhulali. Ngemva kwesikhashana, kusukela ngekhulu le-XIX, izikole zokuqala ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukuvunyelwa, izikole ezizimele.

Umhlobiso omuhle onenzuzo ezizukulwaneni

Ingaphakathi elilodwa ekwakhiweni kwakha isonto lase-Ancient Rus liyingxenye ehlukile yaleso sikhathi. Ukubulawa kwe-classical kwakuyizingxenye ze-altare ephansi, okuvumela ukuba ubone ingxenye engaphezulu ye-altare endaweni yethempeli.

Wonke umuntu othandaza ngokubukeka wafika enkabeni yokukhulekela. Kubantu bama-Orthodox kwakubalulekile ukubona isikhala saphezulu esihlanganisa ibandla lasezulwini nasemhlabeni.

Ukuhlobisa kwangaphakathi kwethempelini ngaphansi kwesitayela sama-mosaic kwavela emthonjeni waseByzantine. Umhlobiso womklamo okhanyayo okhanyayo ubonisa ubunye bomhlaba nabasezulwini.

Amathempeli aseRussia yasendulo aphethe umsebenzi weminyuziyamu, lapho izintandokazi zabangcwele, izimpawu, izinto ezihambisana nezindinganiso zomlando zidluliselwa. Lapha, imibhalo yesandla yasendulo nemibhalo ebalulekile idluliselwe ekugcineni. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabapristi nabafundisi besonto, umlando we-Ancient Rus ungalandelwa ngokomlando ngeminyaka, futhi izenzakalo eziningi zomlando zavulelwa abantu abaphila ngesikhathi sobufakazi obungenakuphikwa obubuthene esontweni.

Isibusiso ukuvikela umhlaba waseRussia

Isonto linikezela amasosha enkonzweni noma empini. Ngesinye isikhathi isikhathi sokwakhiwa kwakuhlonipha inkumbulo yalabo ababulewe empini. Amasonto anjalo awakhiwe emabuthweni, njengombonakaliso wokubonga amasosha ukuze anqobe.

Ngesikhathi sokuthula, amasonto namathempeli kwakhiwa ngokuhlonipha amaholide amakhulu, abangcwele. Isibonelo, i-Ascension, uKristu uMsindisi.

Ukuhlonipha ongcwele - ngokuhle kwakho

Kumuntu okholwayo, isonto lilokhu libalulekile empilweni. Ngakho-ke, kuphela abaphathi bekhwalithi eliphezulu nabakhi bezakhiwo abavunyelwe ukwakha. Izindawo zaseBazaar, imibuthano nemibuthano yezakhamizi zaziqhutshelwa eduze kwamasonto, njengoba kuboniswe ibalazwe le-Ancient Rus.

Kwakungekho izindleko zokwakha ngaphandle kokutshala imali eningi. Okungcono kuphela okuhlatshelwe ukudala: izinto, umhlaba. Uma sicabanga ukuthi isonto lakhiwe phezu kwentaba noma, njengalokho okhokho bathi, "endaweni ebomvu," yasebenza njengento yokubhekisela, lapho ibalazwe le-Ancient Rus lakhiwa khona, uhlelo lwendawo.

Buka ngomklami

Izindlela zokwakha ukuhlobisa uphahla zinikezela izakhiwo zamatshe umthunzi wokwakha izakhiwo. Lokhu kuboniswe ikakhulukazi ngezibonelo ezinezakhiwo zethempelini. Amapulangwe aqhubeka enza i-gable ne-gable.

Emadolobheni amancane lapho kwakhiwa khona amathempeli amancane, ukukhwabanisa kwakwenziwa njengendawo yokuhlala, lapho umqhele (ezine izingodo) ubeka phansi. Ukuxhuma, bakha isikwele noma isikwele. Ngenxa yalokho, isakhiwo sitholakala kwinani elithile lezinsika - ifreyimu.

Ukwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngokuvumelana nesimiso esinikeziwe, amasonto akhiwa. Isakhiwo se-quadrangular sashintsha uhlaka lwama-octagonal. Isimiso sokuhlanganisa i-quadrangles ne-octal sathunyelwa ekwakhiweni kwamatshe eRussi futhi sigcinwa ezinsukwini zethu.

Amathempeli eShatrovye avamile eRussia njengezakhiwo ezimbili namaningi. Ukuxhuma izakhiwo zelogi ezihlukile, zazixhunyaniswe ngesistimu yokuguquguquka (zemibukiso, iminyango).

Ngokubeka izakhiwo zesonto ngamatshe angama-stone plinths, abakhi babeka izindlu zangasese, amakhodi kanye nemigwaqo engaphansi komhlaba eyayifanele ngaleso sikhathi, ngaphansi kokufakwa komhlaba.

Ukubhujiswa nokubuyiselwa kabusha kwamathempeli

Iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zaseRussia zasendulo yema ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaMongol-Tatars. Ngezizathu ezihlukene, abaphathi, abadwebi bezithonjana nabakhi, ingxenye yamasonto namathempeli kwabhujiswa.

Ukushiya amasampula aseByzantium, amathempeli amadala aseRussia ekhulwini lama-12 athola izici zokuqala, echaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zaseRussia.

Konke okudingeka umfundi azi mayelana nokuphila kwe-Ancient Rus kukhonjiswe ezintweni zokufundisa ebangeni lesi-6. I-Rus Rus yasemlandweni wabokhokho bethu, ukwakheka, izimpi, ukunqoba kwezwe lethu, okuyinto yonke amaRussia okufanele azi.