E-USA ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: ezombangazwe, ezomnotho kanye nomphakathi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka lama-20, iMelika yayingeyona i-republic eyayilwela ngokukhululekile inkululeko yayo nokuphila kwayo. Kungachazwa njengenye yamazwe amakhulu kakhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Inqubomgomo yezwe yangaphandle neyasekhaya yase-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yakhiwe ngesifiso nesifiso sokuthatha isikhundla esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Umbuso wawulungiselela izinyathelo ezibalulekile nezokuqeda izinyathelo eziyinhloko ebaluleke kakhulu emnothweni, kodwa nasezombusazwe.

Isifungo ngo-1901 silethele umengameli omncane ongakhethiwe futhi omncane kunabo bonke - uTheodore Roosevelt oneminyaka engu-43 ubudala . Ukufika kwakhe e-White House kwahambisana nokuqala kwenkathi entsha, hhayi kuphela eMelika, kodwa nasemlandweni wezwe, ocebile ezinkingeni nasezimpi.

Kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-US ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izinkombandlela eziyinhloko zenqubomgomo yasemakhaya nasezweni langaphandle, nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle nezomnotho.

Ukuphathwa kweT. Roosevelt: Inqubomgomo Yomndeni

URoosevelt, ngesikhathi esifungo sakhe ku-President, wabanikeza abantu bakhe isithembiso sokuthi uzoqhubeka nezinqubomgomo zezwe nezakwamanye amazwe ngokulandela inkambiso yakhe, uMcKinley, owabulawa yizandla zama-radicals. Wacabanga ukuthi ukukhathazeka ngamakholo kanye nokuzimela komphakathi emphakathini kwakungenasisekelo futhi kungenasisekelo, futhi wabonisa ukungabaza ngesidingo nganoma yimiphi imingcele engxenyeni kahulumeni. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izihlobo eziseduze zomongameli zaziyizinhloko zamabhizinisi amakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho okusheshayo kwe-United States ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakusendleleni yokuncintisana komncintiswano wemakethe yemvelo, okwaholela ekudakaleni kombuso wamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi. Ukunganeliseki kwababantu kubangelwa ukwanda kwenkohlakalo kanye nokwanda kwamakhompiyutha ezombusazwe nasemnothweni wombuso. UT. Roosevelt wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Wenza lokhu ngokuhlaselwa okuningi kwenkohlakalo ebhizinisini elikhulu futhi wakhuthaza ukushushiswa kwamathemba ahlukene kanye nokuzithoba, waqala izinyathelo zomthetho ngesisekelo somthetho we-Sherman owawamukelwa ngo-1890. Ekugcineni, izinkampani zahlawuliswa futhi zazalwa kabusha ngaphansi kwamagama amasha. Kwakukhona ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo kwe-United States. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izifundazwe zase zamukele kakade izici ze-capitalist ezinkampanini zayo zakudala.

UMongameli T. Roosevelt wangena emlandweni we-United States njengenkululeko enkulu kakhulu. Inqubomgomo yakhe ayikwazanga ukuqeda ukuxhashazwa kwamandla omzimba kanye nokukhula kwamandla nomthelela wabo, noma ukunyakaza kwezinga lokusebenza. Kodwa umsebenzi wangaphandle wezwe wabonakala ngokuqala kokunwetshwa okubanzi endaweni yezemidlalo yezombusazwe.

Indima yombuso ezokwezomnotho nasebudlelwaneni bezenhlalakahle

Umnotho wase-United States ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka yekhulu lama-20 wamukela izici ze-capitalist ezinkampani ezindala, lapho izikholo ezinkulu nezindawo ezizimele zivula imisebenzi yazo ngaphandle kwemingcele. Bayekela ukuncintisana kwemakethe yemvelo futhi bachitha amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi. Eyamukelwa ngo-1890, uMthetho we-Sherman wawubekwa njengesivumelwano "senkululeko yezimboni", kodwa kwaba nomthelela olinganiselwe futhi wawuvame ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile. Izinyunyana ezilinganiselwe ezihlangene ezizimele, futhi iziteleka zabasebenzi abajwayelekile babhekwa ngokuthi "ugobe lokuvimbela ukuhweba mahhala".

Ngenxa yalokho, ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kwe-United States ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuya ekujuliseni ukungalingani kwemiphakathi yomphakathi, isimo sabantu baseMelika abavamile siyacindezeleka. Ukwenyuka kokungahambisani nemali yebhizinisi phakathi kwabalimi, abasebenzi, abahlakaniphile abaqhubekayo. Bahlambalaza izikhulu futhi bababheka njengesisongela enhlalakahle yabantu. Konke lokhu kunomthelela ekwenzeni ukunyakaza okungahambi kahle, okuhambisana nokwanda komsebenzi wezinyunyana kanye nomzabalazo ohlala njalo wokuvikela umphakathi.

Izidingo zokuvuselelwa kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi nezomnotho ziqala ukuzwakala hhayi ezitaladini kuphela, kodwa nakwamanye amaqembu (intando yeningi kanye nezwekazi). Ephakanyiswe njengophikisana, kancane kancane bawuthatha izingqondo zabasunguli ababusayo, ekugcineni okuholela ekushintsheni kwezombusazwe zasekhaya.

Izenzo zomthetho

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho kwe-United States ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakudinga ukutholwa kwezinqumo ezithile yi-head of state. Isisekelo sezwe okuthiwa ubuzwe obusha kwakudingeka uT. Roosevelt ukwandise amandla omongameli, ukuze uhulumeni abe namandla okulawula imisebenzi yezinkolelo ngenhloso yokuzilawula nokucindezela "umdlalo ongalungile".

Ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlelo e-United States ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakuzokweluleka ngumthetho wokuqala owamukelwa ngo-1903 - "UMthetho Wokusheshisa Izinyathelo Nokuxazulula Izinqubo Zobulungisa." Wakha izinyathelo zokusheshisa izilingo zamacala e-antitrust, okwakubhekwa njengento "ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini" futhi "kuqala kunabanye".

Okulandelayo kwakuwumthetho wokudalwa e-US we-Ministry of Labour and Trade, imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa ukuqoqa ulwazi ngezinkolelo nokucabangela "imisebenzi engalungile". Izidingo zakhe zokuthi "ukudlala kahle" uT. Roosevelt wabuye wandisa ubudlelwane besomabhizinisi nabasebenzi abajwayelekile, ukukhuthaza ukuthula ngokuvumelana nokuphikisana okuvela phakathi kwabo, kodwa kudingeke ukuba kube nemingcele ehambisanayo nomsebenzi wezinyunyana zaseMelika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Ngokuvamile umuntu angazwa umbono wokuthi ngekhulu lama-20 umbuso waseMelika ugcwele "imithwalo" yobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke. Kulokhu kunenye iqiniso, ngoba kuze kube ngo-1900 i-US yayigxila kakhulu. Izwe alizange lihileleke ebuhlotsheni obuyinkimbinkimbi yamandla aseYurophu, kodwa lenzelwe ukwandiswa ePhilippines, eziQhingini zaseHawaii.

Ubudlelwane namaNdiya aseMdabu

Umlando wobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu bomdabu basezwekazi kanye namaMelika "abamhlophe" kubonisa indlela i-United States ehlala ngayo nezinye izizwe. Kukhona konke, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuvuleleka kuya ekuxabaneni okuqamba, ukuyiqinisekisa. Isiphetho samazwe omdabu sasixhomeke ngqo kumaMelika aseMhlophe. Kufanele ukwazi ukukhumbula ukuthi ngo-1830 zonke izizwe zasempumalanga zathuthela ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Mississippi, kepha lezi ziqhingi zase zihlala amaNdiya ngokusikeka, amaCheyen, i-Arapahis, iSioux, i-Blackfeet ne-Kiowas. Inqubomgomo kahulumeni wase-US ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka lama-20 yayihloswe ukugxilisa abantu bomdabu ezindaweni ezithile ezikhethiwe. Kwathathelwa umqondo wokuthi "ukuhlakulela" amaNdiya, ukuwahlanganisela emphakathini waseMelika. Ekhulwini elilodwa leminyaka (1830-1930) baba yinto yokuhlolwa kukahulumeni. Abantu babenqatshelwe kuqala izwe labo bomhlaba, bese kuthiwa bangubani.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: iPanama Canal

Ukuqala kwekhulu lama-20 ye-United States kwaphawulwa ukuvuselelwa kwesithakazelo saseWashington embonweni wesiteshi se-ocean. Lokhu kwaqondiswa ukunqoba empini yaseSpain-American kanye nokwakhiwa kokulawulwa kweLwandle lwaseCaribbean kanye nesifunda sonke sasePacific esiseduze nolwandle lwaseLatin America. U-T. Roosevelt wacabanga ukuthi ukwakhiwa komgwaqo kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Ngonyaka odlule ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumengameli, wathi ngokucacile ukuthi "emzabalazweni wokuphakama olwandle nolwezentengiselwano, i-US kumele iqinise amandla ayo ngaphesheya kwemingcele yayo futhi ithi igama layo elilukhuni ekunqumeni isiphetho sezilwandle zasentshonalanga neMpumalanga."

Abameli bePanama (ngokusemthethweni babengakabi izwe elizimele) ne-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, noma kunalokho, ngoNovemba 1903, basayina isivumelwano. Ngokwezimo zakhe, iMelika ithole amamayela angu-6 ePanama Isthmus ngokuqashiswa okuphakade. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, iSanate yaseColombia yenqaba ukuvumelana nesivumelwano, echaza ukuthi amaFulentshi anikeze izimo ezihle kakhulu. Lokhu kwabangela ukuthukuthela kukaRoosevelt, futhi kungekudala ezweni, ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwabaseMelika, baqala ukunyakaza kokuzimela kwePanama. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eduze nogwini lwezwe kwakukhona impela imikhumbi yempi evela e-States - ukuqapha ukuthuthukiswa. Ngemuva nje kwamahora ambalwa emva kokumemezela kokuzimela kwePanama, i-America yaqaphela uhulumeni omusha futhi yamukelwa ngokubuyisela isivumelwano esilinde isikhathi eside, manje sesivele isiqashiso esingunaphakade. Ukuvulwa okusemthethweni kwePanama Canal kwaqhutshwa ngoJuni 12, 1920.

Umnotho wase-US ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: U. Taft noWilliam Wilson

I-Republican uWilliam Taft isikhathi eside egcinwe izikhundla zokwahlulela nezamasosha, wayengumngane omkhulu kaRoosevelt. Lo wesithathu, ikakhulukazi, wamsekela njengomphathi. UTaft wakhonza njengomengameli kusukela ngo-1909 kuya ku-1913. Imisebenzi yakhe ibonakala ngokuqiniswa komsebenzi wombuso emnothweni.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwababongameli ababili behlehlisiwe, futhi ngo-1912 bobabili bazama ukuzikhethela ngokhetho lwesikhathi esizayo. Ukuchitha ama-electorate amaRiphablikhi emakamu amabili kwaholela ekunqobeni kukaDemocrat Woodrow Wilson (okufanekiselwe), okwakushiya impendulo enkulu ekuthuthukiseni kwe-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Wayebhekwa njengombusazwe omkhulu, waqala inkulumo yakhe yokuvula ngamagama athi "amandla ashintshile". Uhlelo lwentando yeningi "lwentando yeningi" lukaWilson lwalusekelwe ezimisweni ezintathu: inkululeko yomuntu, inkululeko yokuncintisana kanye nokuzikhethela. Uzibiza ngokuthi uyisitha sezinkolelo nezindlalifa, kodwa akazange afune ukuchithwa kodwa ukuguqulwa nokususwa kwayo yonke imingcele yokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi, ikakhulukazi encane nephakathi, ngokunciphisa "ukuncintisana okungenabulungisa".

Izenzo zomthetho

Ngenhloso yokwenza lolu hlelo, uMthetho Wentela ka-1913 wamukelwa, ngesisekelo lapho kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okuphelele. Imisebenzi yokuhweba iye yehliswa, futhi intela emali engenayo isetshenziselwe, isungulwe ukulawula amabhange futhi yandisa amathuba okungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezombusazwe okuqhubekayo kwe-USA ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwabekwa uphawu lwezenzo ezintsha zomthetho. Ngonyaka owodwa ka-1913 i-Federal Reserve System yadalwa. Inhloso yalo kwakuwukuqapha ukukhishwa kwama-banknotes, ama-banknote asebenzayo futhi asungule iphesenti lemali mboleko yasebhange. Le nhlangano yayihlanganisa amabhange angama-12 asezindaweni ezifanele zezwe.

Umkhakha wezingxabano zenhlalo awushiywanga ngaphandle kokunakwa. I-Clayton Act ka-1914 yacacisa amagama aphikisanayo eSherman Act, futhi yavinjelwa nesicelo sayo emanyunyeni yabasebenzi.

Ukuguqulwa kwenkathi eqhubekayo kwakuyizinyathelo ezinamahloni nje ekuqondiseni isimo se-United States ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuya esimweni esisha esasiphathelene nokuguqulwa kwezwe singene esimweni esisha esinamandla sokubambisana kwamabhizinisi. Lo mkhuba wagxila emva kokuba iMelika ijoyine iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngo-1917, uMthetho oLawula Ukukhiqizwa, I-Fuel kanye Nezinto Eziwusizo wadluliselwa. Wandisa amalungelo omongameli futhi wamvumela ukuba anikeze i-navy kanye nebutho konke okudingekayo, kuhlanganise nenhloso yokuvimbela ukucabangela.

Impi Yezwe Yokuqala: Isikhundla se-US

IYurophu kanye ne-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, njengamanye amazwe wonke, bemi ngasemaphethelweni wezinhlekelele zomhlaba jikelele. Revolution nempi, ukuwa kwamakhosi, izinkinga zezomnotho - konke lokhu akunakwenzeka kodwa kuthinte isimo sangaphakathi ezweni. Amazwe aseYurophu athola amabutho amakhulu, ahlangane ngezikhathi ezithile ezingavumelani futhi ezingekho emthethweni ukuze kuvikelwe imingcele yabo. Umphumela wesimo esinzima kwakuwukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

UWilson, ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwezempi, wenza isitatimende esizweni ukuthi iMelika kumele "igcine umoya wangempela wokungathathi hlangothi" futhi ube nobungane kubo bonke abahlanganyeli empini. Wayekwazi kahle ukuthi izingxabano zohlanga zingase zihlukanise kalula i-republic kusukela ngaphakathi. Ukungathathi hlangothi kwakungenjongo futhi kunengqondo ngezizathu eziningana. IYurophu ne-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakungekho emibambiswaneni, futhi lokhu kwavumela izwe ukuba libalekele izinkinga zempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukujoyina impi kungase kuqiniswe ezombusazwe ikamu lamaRiphabhulikhi futhi kubanikeze inzuzo ukhetho olulandelayo. Kwaba nzima ukuchazela abantu ukuthi kungani i-US isekela i-Entente, lapho umbuso kaTsar Nicholas II waba khona khona.

I-US ingena empini

Umbono wokungathathi hlangothi wawuthinta kakhulu futhi unengqondo, kodwa ngokuzikhandla kwaba nzima ukufeza. Ukushintshwa kwenzeka ngemuva kokuba i-United States iqaphele ukuvinjelwa kwezimpi zaseJalimane. Kusukela ngo-1915, ukukhuliswa kwebutho kwaqala, okwakungabandakanyi ukubamba iqhaza kwe-US empini. Lo mzuzwana waletha iJalimane eduze nolwandle kanye nokufa kwezihlali zaseMelika emikhumbi eyehlisiwe yaseNgilandi naseFrance. Ngemva kokusongelwa kukaMongameli uWilson, kulandela ukulandela, kwaqhubeka kuze kube ngoJanuwari 1917. Kwabe sekuqala impi egcwele izilinganiso zaseJalimane ngokumelene nabanye.

Umlando we-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kungenzeka ulandele indlela ehlukile, kodwa kwakukhona izenzakalo ezimbili ezenza izwe lijoyine umhlaba wokuqala. Okokuqala, i-telegram yathinteka ezandleni zobuhlakani, lapho amaJalimane anikezela ngokukhululekile iMexico ukuba amelane nawo futhi ahlasele iMelika. Okusho ukuthi impi ede kakhulu ephesheya kwezilwandle yayiseduze kakhulu, isongela ukuphepha kwezizakhamuzi zayo. Okwesibili, eRussia kwakukhona izinguquko, futhi uNicholas II washiya isiteji sezombusazwe, okwamvumela ukuba ajoyine i-Entente ngonembeza ocacile. Isimo se-Allies sasingcono kakhulu, sasilahlekelwe kakhulu olwandle olusuka emaJalimane. Ukungena kwe-US empini futhi kuvunyelwe ukuguqula inkambo yezenzakalo. Imikhumbi yemikhumbi yanciphisa inani lama-submarines aseJalimane. NgoNovemba 1918, umbuso wezitha wawubamba.

Amakholomu ase-USA

Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezwe kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi kwahlanganisa iCaribbean Atlantic. Ngakho, amakholoni ase-US ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ahlanganisa iGuanas Islands, eHawaii. Lezi zinsuku, ikakhulukazi, zafakwa ngo-1898, futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva zathola isimo sensimu yokuzibusa. Ekugcineni, iHawaii yaba yisifunda sama-50 e-US.

Ngonyaka owodwa we-1898, iCuba yathathwa, eyadlula eMelika emva kokusayina kweParis Treaty neSpain. Lesi siqhingi sasingaphansi komsebenzi, sithole ukuzibusa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1902.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lamakholomu ezweni lingabhekwa ngokuphepha ePuerto Rico (isiqhingi esavota ngo-2012 ukujoyina amazwe), ePhilippines (sathola ukuzimela ngo-1946), iPanama Canal Zone, Corn and Virgin Islands.

Lokhu kungumlando omfushane emlandweni we-United States. Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, elilandela, lingabonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene. Izwe alimi, kukhona okuqhubekayo kuyo. Impi Yezwe Yesibili yashiya impendulo ejulile emlandweni weplanethi yonke, izinkinga zezomnotho eziqhubekayo kanye neCold War kwaholela ekugqibeleni. Usongo olusha lubekwe phezu kwezwe lonke eliphucukile - ubuphekula, obungenalo uhlaka lwendawo kanye nozwelonke.