Umlando waseRussia: "I-Truce Deulin"

Ngo-1618, ngoDisemba 1 (11), ngemuva komphumela ongaphumeleli womzamo wePoles wokuthatha uMoscow, isivumelwano saqedwa edolobheni likaDeulino phakathi kweRussia ne-Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lesi sivumelwano sokuthula sakha isikhathi esingapheli sonyaka we-14.5. Lesi sivumelwano siyehla emlandweni njengo "Truce Deulin".

Impi iqala

Ngokusemthethweni, ukuqala kwempi yaseRussia-Polish kubhekwa njengonyaka we-1609. Iminyaka yokuqala yenkampani yezempi yayiphumelele kakhulu emaqenjini asePolish-Lithuania. Ngesikhathi esukela ngo-1609 kuya ku- 1612 banqoba futhi basekela amandla abo phezu kwensimu ebalulekile engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeRussia. Le ndawo yayiyiqhwa elikhulu kunazo zonke laseSmolensk ngaleso sikhathi. Isimo saseRussia ngalezo zinsuku sasingakaze sibe namandla kakhulu. Ngemva kokuba uVasily Shuisky echithwe, uhulumeni wesikhashana waqala ukubusa, oqukethe abamele abaphathi bemindeni yabafana. Ngabo-Agasti 1610, isivumelwano saboshwa ekwakhiweni kwenkosi yasePoland u- Vladislav Vazy esihlalweni sobukhosi saseRussia kanye nokwethulwa kwekamu lasePoland endaweni yaseMoscow. Kodwa-ke, la macebo awahloselwe ukugcwaliseka. Ngo-1611-1612 eMoscow, kwakha isiteleka, esisebenza ngokubukeka okubukhali kwePoland. Lezi zinqola ziphumelela kuqala ukuxosha amasosha asePoland-Lithuania ngaphesheya kwendawo yesifunda saseMoscow, futhi kamuva, ngo-1613-1614, nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu eRussia.

Umzamo wesibili

Ngo-1616 u-Vladislav Vaza wahlangana ne-Lithuanian hetman uJan Khodkevich futhi wenza umzamo wokuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi saseRussia. Kumele kuthiwa ngaleso sikhathi wayengumKar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Amasosha ebutho elihlangene ayenenhlanhla: akwazi ukukhulula uSmolensk eyayivimbezelwe amabutho aseRussia futhi aqhubekele phambili ezweni kuze kube seMozhaisk. Ngemva kokuthola ukuqinisekiswa okuvela e-Cossacks yase-Ukraine ngo-1618 ngaphansi kokuhola kukaHetman Pyotr Sagaidachny, ibutho likaReki Pospolita lafika eMoscow. Ngemva kokuncintisana okungenakuphumelela kwenhloko-dolobha yaseRussia, ibutho lasePolish-Lithuania libuyela e-Trinity-eSergius Monastery. UPyotr Sagaidachny nabantu bakhe bahamba baya esifundeni saseKaluga. Ngaphansi kwezimo, iRussia, eyayisanda kuphila ezikhathini ezinzima futhi impi ehlangene, yaphoqeleka ukuba isayine isivumelwano sokuthula ngokusobala.

Isigaba sokuqala sesivumelwano

Indawo yokuqala yokuxoxisana ngumfula iPresnia. Zenzeke ngo-1618, ngo-Okthoba 21 (31). Umhlangano wokuqala awuzange ulethe imiphumela ekhethekile. Amaqembu afake izidingo eziphezulu komunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, abamele iVladislav Vaz bagcizelele ekumqapheliseni ukuthi yiyona kuphela i- tsar yaseRashiya evumelekile futhi bafuna ukudluliselwa ebukhosini bakhe bePhkov, i-Novgorod noTver. AmaRussia, nawo, agcizelela ukubuyela ngokushesha kuzo zonke izindawo nokuxoshwa kwamabutho ezitha ezweni laseRussia. Umhlangano wesibili owaba ngo-Okthoba 23 (uNgove 2) 1618 wawuphumelele kakhulu. Uhlangothi lwaseRussia ludinga iminyaka engamashumi amabili, ngokuvumelana nokubuyisela i-Roslavl no-Smolensk. Uhlangothi lwamaPoland lwenqaba i-Vladislav Vazy ngokubheka isihlalo sobukhosi saseRussia, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo sifuna ukuthi amazwe kaPhukov anganqunywa. Futhi, abameleli be-Commonwealth yasePolish-Lithuanian bagcizelela ekubuyiselweni kwazo zonke izifunda zaseLithuania ezabanqotshwa kanye nokubuyiselwa okugcwele kwezindleko ezenzeka ngesikhathi sempi.

Isigaba sesibili

Ngemva kokudluliselwa kwebutho lasePolish-Lithuania endaweni yeZiqu-zintathu-iSergius Monastery, izingxoxo zaqhubeka lapho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi sidlala ngokumelene bobabili ababambiqhaza empini yezempi. Ibutho lasePolish-Lithuania labhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu ngokudla, ukushisa okuzayo kwakubangela izinkinga eziningi. Ukuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo nokuxhaswa kwemali kwenza kube nokungajabuli okuvamile kwamasosha, okwakukhona phakathi kwabo kakade imicabango yokushiya indawo yebutho. Kulesi simo, ukuphanga nokuphangwa kwabantu bendawo ngamasosha asePolish-Lithuania, ikakhulukazi amaCoscash ayehlukile. Impi eqhubekayo yaba nethonya elibi kakhulu emazweni aseMoscow, amanye awo ayeyinkosi yasePoland. Abantu bakhathele yizinkinga kanye nezimpi. Ngenxa yokuxoxisana, amaphuzu ayisisekelo e-armistice avunyelwene ngaso. Ukungavumelani kwavela ohlwini lwamadolobha adluliselwe ngaphansi kwe-Commonwealth. Futhi, izinhlangothi azikwazanga ukuvumelanisa nemigomo yesimiso sokuqeda kanye namandla okuphatha kaMikhail Romanov noVladislav Vaz. NgoNovemba 20 (30), 1618, abameli be-embassy yaseRussia bafika ngaphansi kwezindonga zezindela. Umphumela wezinkulumo ezintathu zosuku kwakuwuphawu lo "Deulina armistice". Uhlangothi lwaseRashiya, ngaphansi kwengcindezi kahulumeni wasePolish-Lithuania, kwakudingeka luyeke izinkampani zalo eziningi futhi lwenze imvume.

Izimo ezijwayelekile

I "Deulina armistice" ne-Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth yasungulwa iminyaka engu-14 nezinyanga eziyisithupha, okungukuthi, kusukela ngoDisemba 25, 1619 kuya kuJuni 25, 1633. Ukulahlwa kwe-Commonwealth kuhanjiswe: Smolensk, Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Serpeysk, Novgorod-Seversky, Trubchevsk, Chernigov, Monastyrsky, kufaka phakathi amazwe aseduze. I-Russia yabuyela emadolobheni alandelayo: i-Vyazma, i-Kozelsk, i-Meshchovsk, i-Mosalsk ngokushintshanisa imizi efana ne-Starodub, i-Pochep, i-Nevel, i-Krasnoe, iSebezh, i-Popova Gora, kuhlanganise namazwe azungezile. I "Deulina armistice" nePoland yanikezela ukudluliselwa kwamadolobha okukhulunywe ngawo ezindaweni ezungezile kuze kube ngu-1619, ngoFebhuwari 15 (25). Kanye nemizi namasimu, izakhamuzi kanye nempahla ehlala kuyo yahanjiswa. Kuze kube usuku olufanayo (1619, 15 (25) ngoFebhuwari), wonke amasosha asePoland-Lithuania nase-Ukraine kwakufanele ashiye ensimini yeRussia. Futhi, i- "Truce Deulin" inikezwe ukushintshaniswa kweziboshwa zempi. Wamiswa NgoFebhuwari 15 (25), 1619. "I-Deulin Truce" inikezwe ukubuyela eRussia kuphela kubathengisi, izikhulu nezifundisi. Ngaphansi kwemigomo yesivumelwano sokuzivikela, i-Russian Tsar yayingasabamba iziqu zamabusi e-Livonian, Smolensk naseChernigov. Isithonjana sikaSt. Nicholas, esathathwa eMohaisk ngamasosha asePolish-Lithuania, sathunyelwa eRussia. Ngokwemibandela yesivumelwano, ukuhlolisiswa komhlaba komhlaba kunqunyelwe ihlobo lika-1619. "I-Deulin Truce" inikezwe ilungelo lokunyakaza kwamahhala ezweni lonke elilisayinela abathengisi baseRashiya nabasePolish-Lithuanian. Ukungafani kwakuyizindawo zaseKrakow, Vilno naseMoscow. UVladislav Vaza wavikela ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi i-Russian tsar emadokhumweni esemthethweni esifundazweni sasePolish-Lithuania.

Ukubaluleka komlando

I-Deuline armistice ye-1618 iyimpumelelo enkulu yezempi kanye nezopolitiki ye-Commonwealth lapho kuhlangana neRussia. Imingcele yombuso wasePolish-Lithuania wathuthela kude empumalanga. Esikhathini esukela ngo-1616 kuya ku-1622 insimu yasePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth yafinyelela emkhakheni wayo wemlando (990,000 km²). "U-Deulina armistice" walungisa ngokusemthethweni isimangalo esihlalweni sobukhosi saseRussia esivela enkosini yasePoland kanye nesikhulu saseLithuania. E-Russia, ukusayina kwesivumelwane sokuzivikela, ekuboneni kuqala, kubheka kungabi nzuzo kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuphela kwempi nebutho lasePolish-Lithuania ukuthi ukuzola okunjalo, okudingekayo emva kwezinkinga, bekufike ezweni. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ukuqoqa amandla, iRussia yaphula imithetho ye-armistice, iqala impi yeSmolensk. Umphumela walokho kwakunqatshelwe ngokugcwele kukaVladislav ukucela isihlalo sobukhosi. Ekugcineni, iRussia yakwazi ukubuyisela ukulahlekelwa yizindawo kuphela phakathi nempi yaseRussia-Polish ka 1654-1667.