Yini "umthetho osemqoka" uthi? Inani kanye nencazelo "umthetho osemqoka"

It kwadalwa ongqondongqondo abadumile nothisha endulo, kodwa futhi njengamanje nezokusigcoba kakhulu. "Umthetho osemqoka zokuziphatha" ithumba isimiso esibanzi zokuziphatha maqondana nomunye umuntu njengengxenye yanoma yikuphi isimo esisebenzayo. Lusebenza konke kumayelana lezokuphathwa kwabantu kuphela.

Uyini "umthetho osemqoka"?

Kuyinto samanje, ngaphandle ihaba, ngamunye izinkolo ezikhona e ngandlela-thile. "Umthetho Golden" - kuba uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli eziyisisekelo, sibonakalisa ucingo ukuziphatha. Kuvame beqonda njengoba abafowethu ayisisekelo, ebaluleke kakhulu iqiniso layo. Umthetho ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa zokuziphatha uthi, "Musa ukwenza kwabanye lokho ungafuni ukwenza kini» (Quod tibi fieri non vis alteri feceris ne).

Ubuningi kokuhlakanipha okusebenzayo ke ingenye izici reflection nezimiso zokuziphatha engapheli.

Amaqiniso angokomlando mayelana nemithetho yokubika

Phakathi nezinsuku ukubonakala kwakhe kuya maphakathi 1 ayizinkulungwane. BC. e., lapho wawugelezela Icebo lika neyobuntu. "Igolide" isimo usezuze ekhulwini XVIII.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphambili owaziwayo tribal gwamanda mayelana nenkambiso wegazi impindiselo - talion (okungaba umholo, okulingana ubugebengu). Wakhuthaza uhlobo limiter ubutha nokubeletha, njengoba lo mthetho nesihluku edingekayo equivalent jeziso.

Lapho ubudlelwane tribal laqala ukunyamalala, kwakukhona nobunzima kule ocacile, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kwabanye futhi bebodwa. izibopho Economic ngaphandle emphakathini ngokuvamile zazibaluleke ukwedlula nokuzwelana.

Kusese umphakathi wafuna akuyena obangela misdeeds yelungu ngalinye. Kule ndaba, Taleon uphelelwa amandla, futhi kukhona isidingo akha isimiso entsha ngokuphelele ukuba alawule ubudlelwane obufanele, ezimele sokusebenzisana zamaKhosi. Lokho lesi simiso kwaba lo mthetho: "Phatha abantu ngendlela ongathanda bakuphathe ngayo."

Kulungiswa imithetho nezimiso zokuziphatha

omunye isixhumanisi ezivamile elikhona ukwakhiwa yayo ehlukahlukene - "omunye". Libhekisela kunoma yimuphi umuntu (isihlobo esiseduzane noma esikude, omjwayele noma ungumfokazi).

Ukubaluleka "umthetho osemqoka" - lo kwefrakshini wabo bonke abantu mayelana inkululeko yabo namathuba wokuthuthukisa. Kuyinto uhlobo ukulingana mayelana izimfanelo engcono womuntu namazinga elikhulu zokuziphatha.

Uma kubuzwa lo mbuzo, "" umthetho osemqoka "-? Kuyini", Impendulo kumele angayambuli incazelo izwi nezwi, futhi umuzwa wangaphakathi yamafilosofi, wamletha isimo "igolide".

Ngakho, umthetho nezimiso zokuziphatha kudinga ukuqwashisa kusenesikhathi lomuntu ngamunye ngemiphumela izenzo ezenziwa ngokuzayo maqondana omunye umuntu esebenzisa Iwumbono ngokwakho esikhundleni sakhe. Lisifundisa aphathe abanye ngendlela yena ngokwakhe.

Kwezinye izindawo, kubonakala?

Ngesikhathi esifanayo (kodwa ngayodwana) i- "golden umthetho ekuziphatheni" yavela futhi wamaHindu, futhi Buddhist kanye izimiso zobuJuda nobuKristu futhi Islam, kanye nezimfundiso nezimiso zokuziphatha futhi zefilosofi (konfutsianstve). Omunye ukwakhiwa kungenzeka ukubona ku "Mahabharata" (amazwi Buddha).

- reciprocity "" Leli gama ": Kuyaziwa ukuthi uConfucius, uma ucelwa umfundi wakhe mayelana nokuthi kukhona izwi ezingase ziqondise ukuphila kwakhe konke, wathi ezaziwayo. Ningakwenzi kwabanye lokho asifuni ukucabanga. "

Ngo emibhalweni yesiGreki kwenzeka "Odyssey" Homer sika zakudala kule Namaprozi imisebenzi uHerodotus "umlando", kanye nezimfundiso uSocrates, u-Aristotle, Hesiod, uPlato Thales laseMilethu noSeneca.

EBhayibhelini, umthetho eshiwo kabili: eNtshumayelweni YaseNtabeni (Math 7:12; Luk 3:31, ivangeli ..) Futhi izingxoxo we abaphostoli bakaJesu Kristu.

Esikhathini "Sunnah" (Amazwi Muhammad) "umthetho osemqoka" uthi: ". Ingabe bonke abantu ukuthi ufuna, ukuze ube amadoda, futhi ungakwenzi kwabanye lokho ubungeke ufisa bona"

Amazwi "umthetho osemqoka zokuziphatha"

Esikhathini esidlule, imizamo ukuze uhlukanise ke izinhlobo imihlatshelo enjalo ngokuvumelana tebuciko noma zenhlalo zindlela.

Ngakho, isazi sefilosofi German Hristian Tomazy ezikhonjwe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko kokubusa, ngaleyo ndlela delimiting kwenkululeko umthetho, ukuziphatha nakwezombangazwe, izinto zibizwa ngokuthi izimiso komthetho, ukuhlonipha kanye nenhlonipho.

Amanye awo yilawa.

1. Umgomo we ilungelo philosophically kwembula uhlobo imfuneko ukuthi umuntu akufanele akwenze maqondana nezinye ukuthi wayengeke uthanda ukwenza maqondana yena.
2. Isimiso ezibonisa imelelwa isikhalazo yokuziphatha yomuntu yenziwa kwesinye isihloko ukuthi wayezimisele ukukwenza.
3. Ukuhlonipha izimiso lokuthi umuntu njalo isinyathelo mayelana nabanye abantu indlela ayefuna ukwenza ngokumelene naye.

umcwaningi German G. uReiner futhi wasikisela ukuba amazwi alo "imithetho osemqoka" ezintathu, okuyizinkinga ezivamile ngokungaphezulu-kubhekwe nencazelo yalo (H. UTomasi).

• Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi lokuqala - mthetho umuzwa, elifundeka kanje: "(Ingabe hhayi) ukwenza kwabanye lokho (cha) Isifiso ngokwakho."
• Esesibili - kokubusa ukuzimela kuyinto: "(He) zenzele wena oyithola (bengayi) ukudunyiswa kwenye."
• Eyesithathu - kokubusa reciprocity yilesi: "ingabe (cha) ufuna sibe maqondana nawe kwakukhona abantu (hhayi) yenzani kanjalo nani kubo kanjani."

"Umthetho Golden" e izaga kanye amazwi

Le mithetho zokuziphatha ngokuqinile egxilile in the ukwazi zomphakathi zabantu ikakhulu ngesimo temdzabu.

Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, okushiwo "umthetho osemqoka" kubonakala ngezindlela eziningi njengezinkinga izaga Russian.

1. "Yini enye abangamthandi, nokuthi akazange enze. '
2. "Musa umgodi kwenye - uyokwenza angena kuwo."
3. "Njengoba ucingo, ngakho echo."
4. "Indlela shout singene ehlathini ehlathini uzophendula."
5. "Yini abantu abafisa ke Gettin '.
6. "Musa ngamathe emthonjeni - ukuba amanzi siphuze." Kodwa
7. "Ukwenza abantu okubi, ungalindeli ukuba ezinhle" nabanye.

Ngakho, "umthetho osemqoka" e izaga kanye amazwi kaningi uvumele ukusisebenzisa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi sekudlule ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngesimo kulula ukukhumbula temdzabu.

"Diamond umthetho zokuziphatha"

Kuyinto umsizi "segolide" esisanda kuxoxa ngazo. Ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi diamond ngenxa yizinhlobonhlobo, efanekisela ubuntu babantu, uhlukile efana nayo.

Ngakho, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, "umthetho osemqoka" uthi: "Musa ukwenza kwabanye lokho ungafuni ukwenza kini." "Diamond" futhi uyanezela: "Yenza lokho akekho omunye ngaphandle kwakho." Lapha Igxila inzuzo silethwe (kakhulu ngokwakho umuntu othize) kunombolo kungenzeka abantu.

Ngamanye amazwi, lo "idayimane umthetho osemqoka" ithi: "Umthetho ukuze ikhono lakho enkulu ukukhonza izidingo ezinkulu kwabanye." Kuyinto ohlukile ngamanye (isihloko isinyathelo nezimiso zokuziphatha) zithambekele umbandela jikelele.

Ngakho, uma "umthetho osemqoka" - kuyinto ekuguquleni isihloko entweni (projector engokwengqondo ngokuzikhandla nomunye umuntu kanye nokwenqatshwa abazi lezo zenzo okuyinto ongeke athande ngokwami), "Diamond" uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inike-ke ayikwazi ukwenziwa ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa isihloko zokuziphatha isinyathelo ukuze into target, kanye ehlukile yayo futhi ubuntu.

"Umthetho Golden" njengento ukunakwa zefilosofi

IsiZulu sefilosofi izinto Thomas Hobbes touted ke njengoba ngesisekelo imithetho yemvelo, okuyinto neqhaza ekunqumeni ezimpilweni zabantu. Kulula ukuqonda nguwo wonke umuntu. Lo mthetho ikuvumela ukhawule izimangalo zomuntu siqu zobugovu futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukudala ngesisekelo ngobunye bonke abantu ngaphakathi isimo.

AmaNgisi sefilosofi Dzhon Lokk abalwamukelanga "umthetho osemqoka zokuziphatha" njengoba into kusukela ekuzalweni asipha isintu, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, waveza ukuthi ukulingana yemvelo bonke abantu ifakwe osekelwe kuyo, futhi uma bazi ke esebenzisa ezisohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, ngeke ukuza ubuhle yomphakathi.

Isazi sefilosofi-German U-Immanuel Kant kuyinto ngempela ezibucayi ka kumagama bendabuko yohlu lwezincwadi. Ngokusho kwakhe, "umthetho osemqoka" injalo okubeka obala kukwenza kungenzeki ukuhlola degree of ukuthuthukiswa lokumukelekako ngabanye: umuntu angase siyithathe kalula izidingo zokuziphatha maqondana yena noma ukuthatha simo sengqondo sobugovu (Mina ngizoba ake wena uhlala khona, ungagxambukeli, futhi ungitshele) . Kuhlanganisa ofisayo ekuziphatheni kwakhe zokuziphatha. Nokho, kuyinto lezi zifiso, izinkanuko amaphupho ngokuvamile wenze kalowo umuntu kwesimo sayo futhi ancamuka zokuziphatha - inkululeko yomuntu.

Noma kunjalo, kubaluleka categorical ka-Immanuel Kant (umqondo emaphakathi zezimfundiso nezimiso zokuziphatha) enza ukucaciseleka kuphela zefilosofi kohlu lwezincwadi ekhona. Ngokusho Kant, "umthetho osemqoka" ithi: "Umthetho ukuze Maxim yentando yakho kungenzeka njalo ngesisekelo umthetho jikelele." Kulesi definition, isazi sefilosofi German uzama, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ukuvala maphutha ngisho ngobala iningi Ubugovu babantu nabo benza. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izifiso womuntu, neminjunju akufanele esikhundleni kweqiniso nezimiso zokuziphatha isenzo nezisusa. Umuntu obhekene nangemiphumela engaba khona izenzo zabo.

Amabili ukuthambekela nezimiso zokuziphatha komuntu lokuzibusa ngefilosofi yesimanje European

Umuntu wokuqala presents njengendlela ngabanye nomphakathi ngubani kuncike zokuziphatha ezivamile.

Umkhuba yesibili igxile ukuqonda uhlanga lwesintu omele njengomuntu, ukuze ekahle elihambisana sifisa (ukuvuthwa ubuqotho izinkumbulo actualization, ukugcwaliseka individualization umoya kwangaphakathi futhi t. D.) Futhi zokuziphatha njengeziyisidala indlela ngokuvumela ukufinyelela ukutshala kwangaphakathi.

Uma emphakathini wanamuhla ezazini zefilosofi bathi: "Umbuso" umthetho osemqoka "," impendulo hhayi lizinga ekwakhiweni yayo futhi ukugcizelela ezijulile phezu babembheka umuntu esebenza njenge isihloko isinyathelo zokuziphatha.

Ukuwa kwe ezingeni zokuziphatha emphakathini wanamuhla

Iphanorama ezingokomoya emphakathini emhlabeni wonke kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX mpofu kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuma evelele namuhla izinkinga ezomnotho kanjalo nezinkinga ezihambisana ngemibono kanye nezombusazwe (cishe yezenzo zabo bonke abantu ahloselwe ekuqongeleleni ingcebo ikakhulukazi).

Esikhathini uhlanga njalo, ukuphishekela ingcebo abantu dengwane ingokomoya, ngayeka ukucabanga mayelana yangaphakathi self-ngcono, waqala ukuziba ohlangothini lokumukelekako izenzo zabo. Lokhu kuthambekela sekukhona kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX. Ngisho F. M. Dostoevsky wabhala mayelana nenkanuko okudlangile imali, okuyinto ibibanjwe abantu bangaleso sikhathi (engaphezu kwekhulu edlule) ngobuhlanya ( "I Idiot").

Abantu abaningi ungikhohliwe, futhi abaningi abazi ukuthi "umthetho osemqoka" esho.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi izinqubo ezenzeka ngesikhathi samanje, kungenzeka yokujama tsi ekuthuthukiseni impucuko, noma ngisho kwemvelo nsí.

A indima ebalulekile nokuwohloka kwesimilo emphakathini mayelana Russia nase eJalimane kudlalwa imibono yokungabi nandaba olufanele ukuthi kwavela zonke Icwele, esikhathini ye eza emandleni amaBolshevik futhi amaNazi, ngokulandelana.

Okuphansi ezingeni nezimiso zokuziphatha lwesintu, njengoba umthetho, alotshwe ngokucacile kule zikhathi ezibucayi yomlando (revolution, yezimpi zombango phakathi kwemibuso, nokuntengantenga komphakathi, nokunye. D.). Izibonelo ukwephulwa esobala of izimiso zokuhle eRussia phakathi kulwiwa, ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili (1939-1945 GG.), Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi kwezimboni kukaStalin (20-30-yalolucwaningo.) Futhi (1918-1921). namuhla, ngesimo "kuyinkinga" ka izenzo zobuphekula. Zonke lezi zenzakalo zaholela umphumela owodwa elimazayo - kokufa inqwaba iyiphi abantu abangenacala.

izici Zokuziphatha ngokuvamile kungukuthi kunakwe ezinqumeni nezindaba isimo ngesikhathi ukugijima, somnotho, senhlalakahle, kutekulima nasetimbonini kwekuhlela kabusha (ngokuvamile umphumela - umphumela ongemuhle emvelweni).

Yamanje isimo esibi ezweni lakithi cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komuntu - kuwumphumela oqondile sokwehluleka uhulumeni maqondana ezingeni ezikhona lokumukelekako umphakathi ngesikhathi isimo isinqumo olandelayo.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje babone Ukuwohloka isimo sobugebengu ezweni lakithi liye landa inani ukubulala, ngokwezifiso futhi sinesihluku ikakhulukazi, ukuphathwa kabi, ukweba, ukudlwengula, ukufumbathisa, ukucekela phansi impahla, njll Zonke lezi ngokujwayelekile kugcina kungenziwanga lutho ngoba iphesenti kwehle zobugebengu ixazululwe ...

Isibonelo lengubo ukudideka chaos esikhona manje ezweni lethu, izenzo indaba evusa amadlingozi esenzeka ngo-1996, abantu ababili baboshelwa ukweba kusukela Indlu uhulumeni waseRussia ka ibhokisi, lapho isigamu ayisigidi kwaba. Ngokushesha wathola isitatimende esemthethweni nomphumela nokuthi umnikazi imali akazanga, ngokuqondene lapho icala lobugebengu yavalwa, futhi uphenyo inqanyulwe. Izigebengu kweso babe "bona babasekeli babo ZoMbuso", njengoba kuvela, bafumana "ngcebo", futhi aphuce imali abayithole kumfana wathunyelwa yengcebo isimo.

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi umnikazi atholwe imali esebenzisa yokungathembeki, kungenjalo wayengeke ngokushesha walala isimangalo kubo. Kulokhu, ihhovisi lomshushisi kwadingeka ukuba afeze uphenyo ukuze uthole ukuthi iqondeni umthombo ukubukeka ibhokisi isizumbulu kakhulu imali. Kungani lokhu bekungenzeki - esemthethweni ogunyaziwe umuntu ngendlela engacunuli buthule. It uhlala ukucabanga ukuthi uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, izinkantolo kanye ihhovisi lomshushisi abakwazi ukubhekana nesimo sobugebengu ezweni. Isizathu salokhu, ngokusobala, inani elikhulu lezisebenzi zikaHulumeni ezithintekayo enkohlakalweni.