Impi Yezwe Yesibili. September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945. Ukuhlasela kweJalimane ePoland ngoSeptemba 1, 1939

Emlandweni wezwe kubhekwa ukuthi usuku lokuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili - ngo-September 1, 1939, ngesikhathi ibutho laseJalimane lihlasela ePoland. Umphumela walokhu kwakuwumsebenzi wayo ogcwele kanye nokufakwa kwesinye ingxenye yensimu ngamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, i-United Kingdom neFrance babememezela ukungena kwabo empini namaJalimane, okwaphawula ukuqala kokudalwa kwe- Anti-Hitler Coalition. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umlilo waseYurophu uye wavutha ngamandla angalawuleki.

Okwedlule ukuphindiselela kwezempi

Amandla okushayela inqubomgomo enonya yaseJalimane kulezi zintathu kwaba nesifiso sokuvuselela imingcele yaseYurophu esungulwe ngokuvumelana neSivumelwano SaseVersailles ngo- 1919, esasungula ngokusemthethweni imiphumela yempi eyayisanda kuqedwa maduzane. Njengoba uyazi, eJalimane, ngesikhathi semkhankaso wezempi engamphumelelanga, walahlekelwa amazwe amaningi angaphambili. Ukunqoba kukaHitler okhethweni luka-1933 kuncike ekutheni ucele ukuphindiselela kwezempi futhi ukujoyina eJalimane kuzo zonke izindawo zamaJalimane. Lezi zimpendulo zathola impendulo ejulile ezinhliziyweni zabavoti, futhi zanikeza amavoti abo.

Ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwePoland (ngo-September 1, 1939), ngaphezu konyaka odlule, i-Germany yazibophezela i-Anschluss (isithasiselo) sase-Austria nokuxhaswa kweSudetenland yaseCzechoslovakia. Ukuze kusetshenziswe lezi zinhlelo futhi zizivikele ekuphikiseni kwePoland, uHitler waphetha isivumelwano sokuthula nabo ngo-1934 futhi eminyakeni emine eyalandela yakha ubudlelwano obuhle nobungane. Isithombe sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo emva kweSudetenland kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yeCzechoslovakia yaxoshwa ngokuqinile kwiReich. Amazwi abadibanisi baseJalimane aqinisekisiwe enhloko-dolobha yasePoland nawo avuselela ngezindlela ezintsha.

Izimangalo zaseJalimane futhi zizama ukubhekana nazo

Kuze kube ngoSeptemba 1, 1939, izicelo eziyinhloko zaseJalimane ePoland zaziyizwe elikude neLwandle lwaseBaltic futhi zihlukanisa iJalimane neMpumalanga Prussia, futhi okwesibili, iDanzig (iGdansk), ngaleso sikhathi eyayinesizinda samahhala. Kuzo zombili izimo, i-Reich ayizange ilandele izithakazelo zezombangazwe kuphela, kodwa futhi ingezona ezomnotho kuphela. Mayelana nalokhu, uhulumeni wasePoland wayebhekene nokucindezelwa okusebenzayo kwababhikishi baseJalimane.

Ngentwasahlobo, i-Wehrmacht yathatha leyo ngxenye yeCzechoslovakia, eyayisalondoloza ukuzimela kwayo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwacaca ukuthi iPoland izobe isilandela ngokulandelayo. Ehlobo, izingxoxo ezivela emazweni amaningana zathatha izinkulumo eMoscow. Umsebenzi wabo kwakuwukuthuthukisa izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kweYurophu nokudala umbambano wokulwa nobudlova baseJalimane. Kodwa akazange afundiswe ngenxa yePoland ngokwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhloso ezinhle azizange zifinyeleleke ngenxa yephutha labanye ababambiqhaza, ngamunye wabo owayehlela amapulani akhe.

Umphumela walokhu kwakuyisivumelwano esibi, esisayinwe nguMlotov noRibbentrop. Leli dokhumenti liqinisekisile uHitler ukungenasiphazamiso kohlangothi lweSoviet uma kwenzeka udlame lwakhe, kanti uHuhrer wanikeza umyalo ekuqaleni kwempi.

Umbuso wamabutho ekuqaleni kwempi nokucasula emngceleni

Ukungena emngcele wasePoland, eJalimane kunenzuzo enkulu kokubili kubasebenzi bamabutho ayo kanye nemishini yabo yobuchwepheshe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi amabutho abo ahlomile abalwa ngezigaba ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye, kuyilapho iPoland ngoSeptemba 1, 1939 yayinezingxenye ezingamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye kuphela. Uhlelo lokubanjwa kwensimu yasePoland lalibizwa ngokuthi ikhodi okuthiwa "Weiss".

Ukuze kusetshenziswe, umyalo waseJalimane wawudinga isizathu, futhi mayelana nalokhu inkonzo yokuhlakanipha ne-counterintelligence yenza inqwaba yokucasula ehlose ukulahla icala lokugqashuka kwempi kwabakhileyo ePoland. Abasebenzi bomnyango okhethekile we-SS, kanye nezigebengu eziqashwe emajele ahlukahlukene aseJalimane, zigqoke izingubo ezingasetshenziswa umphakathi futhi zihlomile ngezikhali zasePoland, zenza uchungechunge lokuhlaselwa kwamaJalimane okufakwa kuwo wonke umngcele.

Ukuqala kwempi: September 1, 1939

Isizathu esakhiwe ngale ndlela sasikhombisa ngokwanele: ukuvikela izithakazelo zomuntu siqu kusuka ekuphazamiseni kwangaphandle. IJalimane yahlasela iPoland ngo-September 1, 1939, futhi kungekudala iBrithani neFrance bahlanganyela kulo mcimbi. Umgwaqo ohamba phambili wangena ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha namakhulu ayisithupha, kodwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, amaJalimane asebenzisa i-navy yabo.

Kusukela ngosuku lokuqala lokuhlaselwa, ibutho lempi laseJalimane laqala ukugoqa i-Danzig, lapho kwakukhona khona inani elikhulu lokudla. Leli dolobha laliyinqobe yokuqala lapho iMpi Yezwe Yesibili yafika kumaJalimane. Ngo-September 1, 1939 waqala ukuhlasela kwakhe umhlaba. Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala, kwaziswa ukuthi iDanzig ijoyine iReich.

Ukuhlaselwa kwePoland ngoSeptemba 1, 1939 kwenziwa yizo zonke izinyathelo ezithathwa yiReich. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amadolobha afana neVelun, uHojnitz, i-Starogard ne-Bydgosz ayebhekene nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Inhlupho enkulu kakhulu yabhekene noVilyun, lapho abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbili namakhulu amabili bafa ngalolo suku kanti amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu ezakhiweni zabhujiswa. Futhi, amanye amadolobha amaningi asithinteka kakhulu amabhomu ama-fascist.

Imiphumela yokuqala kwempi yaseJalimane

Ngokusho kohlelo oluhlelwe ngaphambili, ngo-September 1, 1939, kwenziwa umsebenzi wokuqeda ukuhamba kwezindiza zasePoland emoyeni, ngokusekelwe ezindizeni zempi zasemaphandleni ezindaweni ezahlukene zezwe. Ngalokhu, amaJalimane ahlinzekela ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamandla abo emhlabathini futhi anqotshwa amaPoles ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhishwa kwamagatsha okulwa ngesitimela, kanye nokuqedwa kokugqugquzelwa okwakuqalile ngaphambili. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngosuku lwesithathu lwempi, ukuhamba kwezindiza yasePoland kwabhujiswa ngokuphelele.

Amasosha aseJalimane ahlasele ngokuhambisana necebo elithi "blitzkrieg" - impi yombani. NgoSeptemba 1, 1939, lapho bezihlasele, ama-fascists aqala ukujula kuleli zwe, kodwa ehlanganisweni eziningi bahlangana nokuphikisana okukhulu kwezinyunithi zasePoland ezazizinikezela zona. Kodwa ukusebenzisana kwama-motor motor and armored units kwawavumela ukuba abhekane nokushaya okukhulu kwesitha. Amabutho abo athuthuka phambili, anqobe ukuphikisana kwamaqembu asePoland, ahlangene futhi akakwazi ukuxhumana no-General Staff.

Ukukhohliswa kwama-Allies

Ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano esiphethwe ngo-May 1939, amabutho ase-Allied aphoqelelwe ezinsukwini zokuqala zobudlova baseJalimane ukusiza amaPoles ngazo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo kubo. Kodwa empeleni kwahluka kakhulu. Izenzo zala mabutho amabili zabizwa ngokuthi "impi engavamile." Iqiniso liwukuthi ngosuku lapho ukuhlaselwa kwePoland kwenzeka khona (ngo-September 1, 1939), abaholi bamazwe womabili bathumela iziphathimandla zaseJalimane ezifuna ukuthi izinhlupho ziphele. Njengoba bengatholi impendulo enhle, amabutho aseFrance awela umngcele waseJalimane ngoSepthemba 7 endaweni yaseSaare.

Njengoba bengenakuphikisa, kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokuthi baqhubeke behlaselayo, bakuthole kungcono kakhulu ukuba bangaqhubeki futhi babuyele ezindaweni zabo zokuqala. AbaseBrithani ngokuvamile bazikhawulela ngokwabo ekudaleni i-ultimatum. Ngakho-ke, labo ababambisana nabo bakhohliswa ePoland, beyishiya isihe.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abacwaningi banamuhla baye benza umbono wokuthi ngaleyo ndlela balahlekelwa ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokumisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-fascist futhi basindise isintu empini enkulu yesikhathi eside. Kuwo wonke amandla ayo empi, eJalimane ngaleso sikhathi ayengenamandla okulwa empini. Ngenxa yalokhu ukukhwabanisa, i-France izokhokha kakhulu ngonyaka ozayo, lapho ama-fascist amayunithi azohamba emigwaqweni yenhloko-dolobha yayo.

Izimpi zokuqala ezinkulu

Kungakapheli isonto, iWarsaw yahlushwa isitha esiyingozi futhi empeleni yayinqunywa emikhakheni yamabutho amakhulu. Uhlaselwe yi-16 Panzer Corps ye-Wehrmacht. Ngenkinga enkulu abaphikisi bomuzi bakwazi ukuyeka isitha. Ukuzivikela kwenhloko-dolobha kwaqala, okwaqhubeka kwaze kwafika ngo-Septhemba 27. Ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kwamsindisile ekubhujisweni okuphelele nokuzayo. Kuyo yonke isikhathi esandulele, amaJalimane athatha izinyathelo eziqine kakhulu zokubamba iWarsaw: ngosuku olulunye ngo-September 19, lwahlaselwa amabhomu angama-5 818, okwakubangela ukulimala okukhulu kulezi zikhumbuzo eziyingqayizivele zokwakha, ukungasho ngabantu.

Impi enkulu ngalezo zinsuku yenzeke emfuleni iBzura - enye yama-tributaries we-Vistula. Amabutho amabili asePoland ahlukumeza kakhulu izingxenye ze-Wehrmacht 8th Division ezaqhubeka eWarsaw. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-fascists ayephoqeleka ukuba aqhubeke nokuzivikela, futhi kuphela ukuqinisekiswa okwakufikile kubo, okwakunikezela ukuphakama okubalulekile kwamanani, kwashintsha inkambo yempi. Amabutho asePoland akakwazanga ukumelana namandla amakhulu. Abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amathathu bathunjwa, futhi bambalwa kuphela abaphumelele ukuphuma e-"cauldron" futhi bafinyelele enhloko-dolobha.

Ukuguquka okungalindelekile kwezenzakalo

Uhlelo lokuzivikela lwalusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi i-United Kingdom neFrance, ekufezeni izibopho zabo ezihlanganyelwe, zizobamba iqhaza empi. Kwacatshangwa ukuthi amasosha asePoland, abuyele eningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe, ayenze ikhanda elinamandla elinamandla lokuzivikela, kanti i-Wehrmacht izophoqelelwa ukuba ihambise ingxenye yamabutho emingceleni emisha - ukuze impi ibe emigqeni emibili. Kodwa impilo yenze izinguquko zayo.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, amabutho e-Red Army, ngokuhambisana nenqubo eyengeziwe eyimfihlo yeSivumelwano soSoviet-German esingenasihlukumeza, wangena ePoland. Isizathu esisemthethweni salesi senzo kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabaseBelarusians, ama-Ukrainians namaJuda ayehlala ezindaweni ezisempumalanga yezwe. Kodwa-ke, umphumela wangempela wokusungulwa kwamabutho kwakuyi-Soviet Union yezindawo eziningi zasePoland.

Ebona ukuthi impi ilahlekile, iPoland High Command yashiya leli zwe futhi kuqhutshwa phambili imisebenzi ephuma eRomania, lapho ihambela khona, iwela umngcele ngokungemthetho. Ngenxa yokungaqiniseki komsebenzi wezwe, abaholi basePoland, abakhetha amasosha aseSoviet, bayala izakhamuzi zakanye ukuba zingabalandeli. Lokhu kwakuyiphutha labo, okwenziwe ngenxa yokungazi iqiniso lokuthi izenzo zombili izitha zabo zenziwa ngokulandela uhlelo oluhlelwe ngaphambilini.

Izimpi ezinkulu zokugcina zamaPoles

Amasosha aseSoviet enza isimo esibucayi sePoles. Kulesi sikhathi esinzima, isabelo samasosha abo sabulala izimpi ezimbili ezinzima kunabo bonke abaye baba khona sonke isikhathi kusukela ngo-September 1, 1939, eJalimane bahlasela iPoland. Emgqeni ofanayo nabo, kungenzeka ukubeka imisebenzi yempi kuphela eMfuleni weBzura. Bobabili, ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, kwenzeka endaweni kaTomashuv-Lubelskie, manje engxenyeni yeLublin Voivodeship.

Emisebenzini yempi yamaPoles kwakungamandla amabutho amabili ukuba aphule umgoqo waseJalimane, owavimbela indlela eya eLviv. Ngenxa yezimpi eziphuthumayo negazi, uhlangothi lwasePoland lwalahlekelwa yindlala, futhi amasosha angaphezu kuka-20 000 asePoland athunjwa amaJalimane. Ngenxa yalokho, uTadeusz Piskora waphoqeleka ukuba amemezele ukuthunjwa kwephambi eliphambili elibheke kulo.

Impi yaqala ngoSeptemba 17 ngaseTamashuv-Lubelskiy ngokushesha yaqala kabusha ngamandla amakhulu. Kwakukhona amabutho asePoland aseNorthern Front, avela entshonalanga egcwele izikhulu zamabutho eziyisikhombisa zeGeneral General Leonhard Veker, futhi kusukela empumalanga - yizingxenye ze-Red Army, ezisebenza namaJalimane ngokwecebo elilodwa. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi, ebuthakathaka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwangaphambilini kanye nokungabikho kobudlelwane nomyalo wezingalo ezihlangene, amaPoles akakwazanga ukumelana nemibutho yabalingani abahlaselayo.

Ukuqala kwempi yama-guerrilla kanye nokudala amaqembu amnyama

Ngo-Septhemba 27, i-Warsaw yayisandleni samaJalimane, awakwazi ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ukumelana kwamabutho empi ezindaweni eziningi. Nokho, ngisho nalapho izwe lonke lihlala khona, umyalo wasePoland awusayine isenzo sokuzinikela. Inhlangano enkulu ye- partisan yathunyelwa kuleli zwe , eholwa yizikhulu zamabutho ezempi ezaba nolwazi oludingekayo nokulwa nakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nangenkathi yokuphikiswa okunamandla kuma- fascists, umyalo wasePoland waqala ukwakha inhlangano engaphansi komhlaba ebizwa nge-Service for the Victory of Poland.

Imiphumela yomkhankaso wasePolish Wehrmacht

Ukuhlaselwa kwePoland ngoSepthemba 1, 1939 kwaphela ngokunqotshwa kwakhe kanye nesigaba esilandelayo. UHitler wahlela ukwakha umbuso wamapulpethi avela endaweni engaphansi kwemingcele yoMbuso wasePoland, owawuyingxenye yeRussia kusukela ngo-1815 kuya ku-1917. Kodwa u-Stalin wayephikisana nalolu hlelo, njengoba ephikisana kakhulu nanoma yikuphi ukubunjwa kwezwe lasePoland.

Ukuhlaselwa kweJalimane ePoland ngo-1939 kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okuphelele kwalokhu kwaletha amandla eSoviet Union, okwakuyiminyaka engama-ally eJalimane, ukujoyina imingcele yayo endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-196,000. I-Km futhi ngenxa yalokhu kwanda inani labantu abayizigidi ezingu-13. Umngcele omusha uhlukanise izindawo zokuhlala ezihlangene zama-Ukrainians namaByelorussia avela kumasayithi ahlala ngamaJalimane ngokomlando.

Ekhuluma ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Poland ePoland ngoSeptemba 1939, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubuholi obunonya baseJalimane bukwazi ukufeza izinhlelo zayo. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwempi, imingcele yeMpumalanga YasePrussia yaqhubekela phambili eya eWarsaw. Ngomthetho ka-1939 amavoivodeships amaningi asePoland anabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisishiyagalolunye nesigamu aba yingxenye yeRussia yesithathu.

Ngokwengxenye, ingxenye encane yombuso wangaphambili, ongaphansi kukaBerlin, igcinwe. Inhloko-dolobha yakhe yayinguKrakow. Kwaphela isikhathi eside (ngo-September 1, 1939-Septemba 2, 1945), iPoland cishe yayingekho ithuba lokuphishekela noma yimuphi umgomo ozimele.