Ukuphila nokufa kukaSocrates

Ukuphila nokufa kukaSocrates kusenomdla omkhulu hhayi kuphela kwababhali-mlando, kodwa nangabaningi abakujabulelayo. Izimo eziningi zekusasa kwalesi cabanga zihlala zingumfihlakalo kulezi zinsuku. Ukuphila nokufa kukaSocrates kuhlaselwa yizinganekwane. Ingabe kuyamangaza, ngoba sikhuluma ngomunye wabacwaningi kakhulu kunabo bonke.

Umsuka kaSocrates

USocrates - isazi sefilosofi esidumile sase-Athene, esanikezwa isikhumbuzo esikhulu - Izingxoxo zikaPlato. Kubo ungumlingisi oyinhloko.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uyise wezazi zefilosofi wesikhathi esizayo wayeyi-stonemason (noma umdwebi) uSofronisk, nonina - uFenaret. Mhlawumbe uyise wayengumuntu ophumelelayo. Abacwaningi benza lesi siphetho ngenxa yokuthi uSocrates walwa njenge-hoplite, okungukuthi, njengesosha elihlomile kakhulu. Naphezu kwengcebo yabazali, isazi sefilosofi ngokwakhe asikhathali ngalowo mhlaba futhi sasihluphekile kakhulu ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe.

Imithombo ephikisanayo

USocrates wachaza ngokufundisa kwakhe kuphela efomini yomlomo. Siyazi ngaye kusukela emithonjeni eminingana, enye yazo yizikhombisi kanye nezithombe zakhe kumakhomishana ase-Aristophanes, ama-parodic kanye nempilo yonke. Imifanekiso kaSocrates eyenziwe yi-Xenophon noPlato isithunyelwe futhi ibhalwa emoyeni wokubonga. Le mithombo, ikakhulukazi, ayihambisani. Ngokusobala, imibiko ka-Aristotle ithembele ku-Plato. Abanye abalobi abaningi, abanobungane noma abanobuthakathaka, nabo babenegalelo, njengezinganekwane zikaSocrates.

Umbuthano wokuxhumana kwefilosofi, ukuhlanganyela empini

Lapho impi yasePolloponnesi iqala , isazi sefilosofi sasineminyaka engu-37 ubudala. Phakathi kwabantu ayebaxoxisana nabo ngaphambi kwabahlakaniphile abavela kumbuthano wePericles - i-sophist Protagoras, isosayensi u-Archelaus, umculi weDimon, no-Aspasia ohlakaniphile. Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi wayejwayelene nomfilosofi odumile u-Anaxagoras. Ku-Platonic "Phaedo" uSocrates ukhuluma ngokunganeliseki ukuthi wazizwa kanjani ngokufunda imisebenzi ka-Anaxagoras. Isazi sefilosofi esithakazelisayo kithi safunda isichazamazwi sikaZeno ka-Elea, kamuva waya ezindabeni ze-sophist Prodik, futhi wabamba iqhaza emibhikishweni noFrasimachus, Gorgias kanye nama-Antiphonts. USocrates wazihlukanisa empini e-Battle of Potidea, kusukela ngo-432 BC. E., Ngaphansi kuka Delia (424 BC) nangaphansi kwe-Amphipolis (422 BC).

I-Socrates - i-Delphic oracle

Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwalesi sifilosofi kwakuyisimemezelo sakhe nge-Delphic oracle, "umuntu ohlakaniphile kunazo zonke." Mayelana nalokhu uPlato uthi "Ukuxolisa kukaSocrates." I-Delphic Oracle ngokwayo yayicabanga kakhulu ngala mazwi. Wawaqhathanisa nokuqiniseka kwakhe ngokuphambene, ngokuthi "uyazi kuphela ukuthi akakwazi lutho." Isazi sefilosofi sifike esiphethweni sokuthi yilokho okumenza ahlakaniphe kakhulu, ngoba abantu abaningi abazi ngisho nalokhu. Ukwazi ukuthi kungakanani ukungazi nokungazi kwabanye abantu kuwumgomo jikelele kaSocrates ucwaningo. Kulokhu siphefumulelwe ngamazwi aqoshwe emnyango weThe Delphic Temple of Apollo. La mazwi anjengoba: "Zazi wena."

Socrates kanye nezombangazwe

Ngo-423 BC. E. USocrates wayeseyinto ephawulekayo, ngenxa yokuthi wahlaselwa yicala lokuhlaselwa kwabadlali ababili abadumile base-Athene. - Amepsia no-Aristophanes. Isazi sefilosofi sigwema ezombangazwe, nakuba phakathi kwabahlobo bakhe kwakungu-Alcibiades, Critias, Harmid noFeramen. Abokugcina abathathu babeyizikhulu zabashushisi abangamashumi amathathu abaqeda intando yeningi e-Athene. Futhi u-Alcibiades wafinyelela enkundleni edolobheni lakubo ngenxa yezombangazwe zezombangazwe. Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi ukuxhumana nalaba bantu kulimaza uSocrates ekulingweni.

Ngo-406 BC. E. Isazi sefilosofi sesithakazelo sazama ukudambisa abalingani abangemthetho abangemthetho futhi abasheshayo abalethwa ubulungisa ngemuva kokuba izimoto zase-Athene zinqobe empini ye-Arginus Islands. Kuyaziwa nokuthi ngo-404 BC. Isazi sefilosofi sishiya umyalo wabadutshulwa abathathu ukubamba uLeont eSalami, owafakwe ohlwini lwezincwadi.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu

USocrates, usevele esekhulile, wazibopha ngomshado ku-Xanthippe. Lo wesifazane wazala isazi sefilosofi sezingane ezintathu. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwakungumshado wesibili kaSocrates. Isafilosofi sasimpofu. Ukubukeka kwakhe okungavamile nokungazethembi kufakiwe kule nkulumo.

Ukuhlolwa nokufa kukaSocrates

USocrates ngo-399 wagwetshwa ngamacala okuthi "intsha ewonakele" kanye "nobubi." Utholwe enecala ngezinga elincane lamavoti. Lapho umcabango engafuni ukuvuma icala futhi akazange azame ukucela ukufaka esikhundleni sokuxoshwa ngokuxoshwa, inani elikhulu lalabo ababekhona ekulingweni bavotela ukufa kukaSocrates.

Isazi sefilosofi sisejele isikhathi esingangezinyanga, khona-ke isinqumo sabulawa. Umcabango wanikezwa isitsha sobuthe (daytoy). Waliphuza, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukufa kukaSocrates. Imisebenzi enjalo kaPlato njenge "Fedon", "Crito" kanye ne "Apology of Socrates", ekhuluma ngalolu cwaningo, mayelana nokuhlala kwesazi sefilosofi etilongweni nokubulawa kwakhe, kwasusa isibindi somcabango onesithakazelo kithi, ukuqina kwezinkolelo zakhe.

Ngo-399 BC. E. Ukufa kukaSocrates. Unyaka wayo uyaziwa ngokuqondile, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukubiza inombolo. Omunye angasho kuphela ukuthi isazi sefilosofi sashona ngasekupheleni kukaJuni noma ekuqaleni kukaJulayi. Ngokombono wabalobi abathathu besikhathi esidala (u-Apollodorus wase-Athene, uDemetrius of Faler noPlato), ngesikhathi sokufa, umcabango wacabanga iminyaka engu-70 ubudala. Ukufa kukaSocrates (iningi labalobi basendulo beguqukela kulokhu) akuzange kube khona ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo. Kwakungenxa yokuthi wayephuza ubuthi. Isizathu sokufa kukaSocrates, nokho, sisakhulisa ukungabaza phakathi kwababhali-mlando abathile. Ngemva kwalokho uPlato engxoxweni yakhe ethi "I-Phaedo" yafiphala isithombe sefilosofi esingenakufa ngokwemvelo, kepha lapho ebhekene nezimo ezivelele, kumele afe. Nokho, uPlato ngokwakhe wayengekho lapho uthisha wakhe efa. Yena ngokwakhe akazange abone ukufa kukaSocrates. Ngamafuphi, uPlato wachaza ngesisekelo sobufakazi besikhathi sakhe.

Umbhalo wecala

Umbhalo wecala elibhekene nefilosofi, elithunyelwe ngokucutshungulwa kwezomthetho, lisekhona nanamuhla. Ngenxa yalokhu kubalulekile ukuveza ukubonga kumlobi onjalo owaziwa njengoDiogenes Laertius. Wabhala inkulumo ethi "Ezimpilweni zezazi-zefilosofi," ebhekisela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-3 AD. E. Lolu lwazi olubalulekile lwe-Diogenes Laertius, naye, lwaboleka emisebenzini ye-Favorin Arelatsky. Le ndoda yayiyimbongi yokudala, isazi sefilosofi nomlobi. Waphila iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambili, kodwa, ngokungafani noDiogenes, mina ngabona lo mbhalo e-Athenean Metrona.

Inqwaba yabacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi kwakwamukelwa uketshezi okwaholela ekushoneni ngobuqhawe bukaSocrates. Noma kunjalo, asikwazi kahle ukuthi izinto ziyiziphi. Izimo zokufa kukaSocrates zingenye yezikhathi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zezinto zakhe.

Imfundiso kaSocrates

USocrates, njengothisha, uyinani eliphikisana kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, isigwebo sokufa esinikezwe kuso sichazwa ukuwohloka kwentando yeningi. Kodwa kumele ngitsho ukuthi ngo-403 BC. E. E-Athene, umbuso wawubuyiselwa, okwakungumuntu olinganiselayo futhi onomusa. Wayethembele emigomweni yokuxolelwa kwezombangazwe, okugcinwe ngokucophelela. Kulesi simo, konke kusho ukuthi okubaluleke kakhulu nokukhonkolo kwakuwukusola kukaSocrates "kokulimaza intsha." Noma kunjalo, umuntu angaqagela ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokhu. I-Dialog Plato "Crito" ibhekisela ekuvikeleni isazi sefilosofi sokumangalela ngokuthi "yanciphisa imithetho." Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ithonya likaSocrates ebusheni ngaleso sikhathi lalibhekwa njengomzamo wesisekelo somphakathi wanamuhla.

Shintsha endaweni yokwenza umphakathi

Le nsizwa, eyayivele isiqedile esikoleni, yathola "imfundo ephakeme" kusukela esikhathini sikaHomer ngokuxhumana nabadala. Wayelalela imiyalo yabo yomlomo, futhi walingisa nokuziphatha kwabaqondisi. Ngakho-ke, le nsizwa yazuza izimfanelo ezitholakala kwisakhamuzi esidala. Phakathi kwabalandeli bezombusazwe, futhi, izindlela zokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Kodwa ngezikhathi zikaSocrates umjikelezo womndeni weka ukusebenzisa yonke le misebenzi. Badluliselwa kwesinye isikhungo, esathola isimo sesikhungo esisekelwe ngokuqondile kule njongo ngemuva kokufa kukaSocrates. I-Academy yePlato yaba yisibonelo salenhlangano. Ekhanda le nqubo kwakuyiqembu labantu abahlakaniphile uSocrates abahlala kulo. Yilaba bantu abaletha umqondo wezemfundo "yobuchwepheshe" kusukela eWest Greece nase-Ionia.

Iyini isisekelo sokusola "kwentsha engonakalisa"

USocrates wayenzima kakhulu, ngoba kwakudingeka enze e-Athene. Ngonyaka we-423 BC. E. Ama-comediographe amabili kuphela - i-Aristophanes ("ama-Clouds") ne-Ameypsy (i-comedy engalondoloziwe "i-Conn") - yabiza isazi sefilosofi, njengoba eqondisa isikole esisha, esekelwe kwizifundo zokungalaleli komuntu nokuhlubuka kwentsha. Lo mbono womcabango uyasithakazelisa ngo-399 BC. E. I-Crystallized in the accusation evelele kaSocrates "inkohlakalo yobusha." Uma siphendukela ezingxoxweni zabafundi balefilosofi, sizobona ukuthi bavame ukubuza lo mbuzo: ingabe abadala nabababa bangaveza ubuhle bentsha, noma kufanele lokhu kufundiswe ngokuqondile?

USocrates njengommemezeli womqondo ongabonakali

Ngokujulile kakhulu ekucabangeni ngenkinga yamasiko yenkathi, sizosondela ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani uSocrates 'dialectic enegunya elinjalo. Ekuboneni kokuqala, akucaci ukuthi ungachaza kanjani ukuthi phakathi nokuphila kwezizukulwane ezimbili ifilosofi kaSocrates yayilokhu ihlaba umxhwele amaGreki , okufa kwawo kwakungenangqondo. Futhi lokhu kungakhathaliseki iqiniso lokuthi ezimfundisweni zala mcabangi wabona insimbi yokubhujiswa.

Ukuze uqonde lokhu, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuxhumana eyamukelwa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kukaSocrates nokuthi yashintsha kanjani kamuva. I-Athene yayisesiteji sokuqeda ukuguqula igama elilotshiwe kusuka enkulumweni yomlomo. Lokhu kwathonya futhi isilulumagama, futhi kwaphoqeleka izinguquko ezenzeka ezinhlotsheni zokuqaphela. Lezi zinguquko zingachazwa njengokuguqulwa ukusuka esithombeni kuya ekuqedeni, kusukela ezinkondlweni kuya ku-prose, kusukela ekufundeni kuya ekuqondeni okuqondakalayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, umqondo ongabonakali wabonakala njengokutholakala okusha, okumangazayo. USocrates wayengumalusi wakhe.

Ku "Amafu" ka-Aristophanes, isazi sefilosofi sitshekwa njengengqondo engabonakali, ephethe "umcabango", efuna "imicabango." Wayengumfundisi wemiqondo ehamba esibhakabhakeni njengamafu. "Imicabango" ngaleso sikhathi yabangela ukuhleka kuphela ngoba kwakunjalo. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ku-Aristophanes Socrates usebenzisa inkulumo entsha ezingxoxweni, ukhuluma ngezwi elingabonakali, lapho imibono iqala khona.

Phakathi kwabafundi bomcabango esiba nesithakazelo kuzo, ukukhathazeka ngemibono, ukuhlekwa yi-Aristophanes, kubonakala sengathi kuwukufuna izincazelo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemicabango engaqondakali njengokuthi "kuhle" nokuthi "kuhle", futhi njengendlela yokwakha ulimi olunembile okungenzeka ukuthi alukwazi ukuveza isipiliyoni sokukhonjiswa, Kodwa ulwazi lomqondo.

Ukuphila, ukufundisa, ukufa kukaSocrates - satshele konke ngalokhu. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukhulume ngalesi safilosofi esivelele isikhathi eside. Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sikubangele isithakazelo kuso.