Inkinga yesinkwa ne-bhotela: izimbangela nemiphumela

Inkinga yesinkwa nesibhotela yenzeka ngesikhathi seNew Economic Policy (NEP) eSoviet Union ngo-1927. Ngokuvamile, ngo-1920 kwakukhona izinkinga ezimbili zomnotho kuleli zwe , okwakubonisa izinkinga ezinkulu hhayi kuphela kwezolimo, kodwa nakumkhakha wezezimboni wezomnotho. Ngeshwa, ukuze banqobe, iziphathimandla azizange zisebenzise izindlela zokuthengisa, kepha ohlelweni lokuqondisa-ukuqondisa, ukuxazulula izinkinga ngendlela ephoqelekile, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu isimo sezomnotho sabalimi nabasebenzi.

Okudingekayo

Izimbangela zezinkinga zokuthenga okusanhlamvu kufanele zifunwe inqubomgomo yezomnotho elandelwa iBandla lamaBolshevik ngawo-1920. Naphezu kohlelo lokukhulula umnotho, oluhlongozwa yi-V. Lenin ngesikhathi sakhe, ubuholi obusha bezwe eliholwa ngu-I. UStalin wakhetha ukwenza ngezindlela zokuphatha, ekhetha ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi ezimboni, hhayi komkhakha wezolimo.

Iqiniso liwukuthi kakade maphakathi no-1920 izwe liqala ukuthenga ngokuthe xaxa futhi likhiqize imikhiqizo yezimboni ngaphandle kwezindleko zendawo. Ukuthengiswa kokusanhlamvu kwaba umsebenzi oyinhloko kahulumeni, ngoba izimali ezitholwa ngokudayiswa kwazo zazidingekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni. Inkinga yesinkwa ne-bhotela ibangelwa amanani angalingani emikhiqizo yezimboni nezokulima. Uhulumeni wathenga isinkwa kubahlali bezwe ngamanani aphansi, kuyilapho okwenziwe ngokweqile amanani entengo eyenziwe.

Le nqubomgomo yaholela ekubeni abalimi banciphise ukuthengisa okusanhlamvu. Ukuhluleka kwezitshalo kwezinye izindawo zezwe kwaholela ekwenzeni isimo sezwe siphuthumise, ukusheshisa ukuphungulwa kwe-NEP.

Ukukhishwa kwempahla

Amanani okusanhlamvu okwakunikezwa abalimi kubalimi ayecaciswa ngokuqhathaniswa namanani emakethe, okwakungqubuzana nemigomo ye-NEP, eyathatha inkululeko yezomnotho phakathi kwelokishi nezwe. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yenqubomgomo kahulumeni, eyayikukhathalela ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha, abalimi behlisa ukuthengiswa kokusanhlamvu, baze bancipha ngisho nokunciphisa, okwaholela ekuholeni ubuholi beqembu ukuba balitshele leli dolobha. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izindleko zokusanhlamvu ezingacatshangwanga azizange zikhuthaze abalimi ukuba bahlakulele ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo.

Ngakho, ebusika ngo-1927-1928 banikeza umbuso ngezidakamizwa eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-300 zokusanhlamvu, futhi lokhu kwakungaphezu kwesigidi esingaphansi kwesigidi kunonyaka odlule. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isivuno sasihle kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Abalimi abahluphekile hhayi nje ngenxa yamanani aphansi, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimpahla ezifakiwe okwakudingeka ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo. Lesi simo sathuthukiswa futhi ngenxa yokuthi izimpikiswano zazivame ukuvela ezindaweni zokuletha okusanhlamvu kuhulumeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, amahemuhemu okuqala kokuqala kwempi asakazeka emzaneni, okwandisa ukungabakhathaleli kwabakhiqizi basezindaweni zasemakhaya emsebenzini wabo.

Imvelo yenkinga

Inkinga yesinkwa nesibhotela eyenza umbuso ukunciphisa imali engenayo edingekayo ukuthenga izimpahla zezimboni ngaphandle.

Futhi ukuphazanyiswa kokuthenga okusanhlamvu emzaneni kwaholela ekwenzeni ukuthi uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwemboni lusongelwa. Khona-ke leli qembu labeka inkambo yokuhoxiswa okuphoqelelwe okusanhlamvu kwalabo abalimi abenqaba ukuthengisa okusanhlamvu embusweni okhethekile, ukuthenga amanani abe ngaphansi kwamanani emakethe.

Izinyathelo zeqembu

Inkinga yokusanhlamvu yabangela impendulo ebusweni bezwe, okwenqabela ukuthatha imikhiqizo eyengeziwe, okuyilapho kuhlolwa khona okukhethekile ezindaweni ezithile zezwe (uStalin wahola iqembu elaya eSiberia). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanza okukhulu emhlabathini kwaqala. Emasokisini omphakathi kanye namaseli eqembu, labo, ngokubona kobuholi obuphezulu, abazange babhekane nokudilizwa okusanhlamvu kuhulumeni baxoshwa. Yakha nezinqola ezikhethekile zabampofu, abathatha isinkwa kulabo abagulayo, lapho bathola khona amaphesenti angu-25 okusanhlamvu njengomvuzo.

Imiphumela

Inkinga yokuthenga okusanhlamvu ka 1927 yaholela ekwehleni kokugcina kwe-NEP. Iziphathimandla zenqaba uhlelo lokudalwa kwamabhizinisi, njengoba uLenin ephikisana nesikhathi sakhe, futhi wanquma ukuguqula umkhakha wezolimo, ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha zokuxhumana phakathi komuzi kanye nombuso njengamafemu okuhlanganela kanye neziteshi zokuthutha umshini (MTS).

Izinkinga ngokunikezwa kwesinkwa emadolobheni kwaholela ekubeni iqembu liqalise amakhadi ezokudla nezimboni ezikhanseliwe ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yombango. Njengoba umkhakha wezimboni usebenza ngendlela evamile ngenxa yokusekelwa okusebenzayo kukahulumeni, zonke izitha zazisolwa ngokudla - abalimi abacebile. UStalin wenza isiphakamiso sokuhlukumezeka komzabalazo weklasini, okwaholela ukuwa kwe-NEP futhi wathuthela ekuhlanganyeleni emaphandleni nasezimbonini emadolobheni. Ngenxa yalokho, abalimi babehlangene emapulazini amakhulu, imikhiqizo yawo eyanikezwa kuhulumeni, okwakwenza ukuba kudalwe isizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke ezimbonini esifundazweni ngesikhathi esifushane.