Alexander 2: izinguquko zemfundo (ngokufishane). Izizathu, ukubaluleka, izinzuzo nezindleko zokuguqulwa kwemfundo ka-Alexander 2

Eqhutshwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexander 2 ukuguqulwa kwaba nemiphumela ebalulekile eRussia ngalezo zikhathi. Akuyona inzalo kuphela, kodwa futhi abaphila ngesikhathi sikaMbusi ophawula njengenani elihle lezinguquko zika-Alexander 2 Ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo sombuso, nokubi.

Ukungavinjelwa kwezinguquko

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi ngoFebruwari 1855 - ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kokufa kukayise ka-Emperor Nicholas II 2 - u-Alexander 2 wachaza izikhonzi zakhe ukuthi wazi kahle ukuthi uzobuyiselwa nini ngesikhathi esifanele ukuba abuse ngaso futhi izwe lamuphi isimo. Ukhulume lokhu enkulumweni yakhe yokuqala njengomphathi kumalungu oMkhandlu kaHulumeni. Isimo sezenhlalo nezombusazwe eRussia sasingasakha futhi sathuthuka kancane kancane ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakudingeka ngesikhathi esifushane ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithintekayo ezingaphakathi nezangaphandle ezombusazwe ukuze kukhululwe izwe kule nkinga.

Impi yaseCrimea ehlulekile yaholela ekuqhekekeni kwesimiso sezimali kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamazwe ngamazwe okuphelele eRussia. Kwakukhona ukunganeliseki okukhulayo phakathi kwabahloniphekile kanye nabalimi bezwe ngokubusa kwezikhulu eziphezulu kanye namaprotheni ka-emperor ezifundazweni. Abantu baqonda ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwakudingekile futhi bekulungele ukulandela noma imuphi umholi uma ethembise ukubanika. Ukusabalalisa kwenhlangano yamaphekula kwamkelwa emphakathini njengombhikisho ngokumelene nobukhosi obungapheli. Ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo ka-Alexander 2, ekuqaleni kwayo Wabekwa eminyakeni yokuqala yokubusa kwakhe, okwesikhashana wazincipha izingqondo zentsha eqhubekayo, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside. Ekugcineni, umbusi waba yisisulu somqambi we-People's Will, naphezu kwazo zonke izinhloso zakhe ezinhle.

Injabulo yabafundi ngaphambi kokuguqulwa

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokubusa kukaNicholas II emphakathini womfundi, ekhathele ukubusa okunamandla kokufunda nokuphila, izibonakaliso zokuqala zokungabikho kokubambisana kwamanje zazivele zichazwe. Kodwa ukuguqulwa kombusi, okulandelayo ukuphumula okuncane empilweni yabafundi, ubuholi obusha emayunivesithi bobabili izihloko ziqede kancane ukukhononda kwabangenelisekile. Izizathu zezinguquko zika-Alexander, 2 ezibandakanya ezemfundo, akukhona kuphela kulokhu noma lokho okwenzeke ngokuzenzakalelayo - kwakukhona izimo eziningana.

Izimpikiswano ezincane ezifundiswa uMoscow ngo-1858 zabangelwa ukungacabangi nokungazi kwamaphoyisa, zilungiswe ngokuqinile esontweni esisimile nesicindezelayo, kanti intsha eqhubekayo isheshe ibe yinto enamandla. Izombusazwe ze-skirmish namaphoyisa ngalezo zinsuku azizange zenze lutho futhi umbusi wayefanelekile - u-Alexander wabasola emalindeni, kodwa ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1960, isimo sokuphikiswa komphakathi waseRussia sabanjwa yiyunivesithi. Ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo ka-Alexander 2 kwaba impendulo ekukhulekeni kwemvelo yomfundi. Kungachazwa ngokufushane kanje: i-charter endala, esebenzile kusukela ngo-1835, yatshintshwa yizinhlelo ezintsha, ama-proteges ka-Nikolayev, abaqokwe baka-Alexander bahlala ezihlalo zamadayunivesithi.

Imfundo Yonke

Ekuqaleni kuka-1861, kwakukhona izenzakalo ezibalulekile zezwe, okwakunqume kakhulu ukuphathwa komphathi omusha: inhlekelele yabezikhunguluzi, izimpikiswano ezintsha zabafundi ngokushona kwabantu, ukuthukuthelwa kwamaphoyisa, ukungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi ngisho nezenzakalo ezingenakubalulekile ezweni. Umqalisi wezinguquko eziningi, ezaqala eminyakeni yokuqala yama-1960, ngu-Alexander ngokwakhe. 2. Ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo kwakudingeka kushintshe kakhulu imithetho yokufundisa emayunivesithi, ezikoleni zangempela, futhi unike amandla izingane ezimele ukuba zifunde ukufunda nokubhala. Ukuguqulwa kokukhanyiswa kwamukelwa ngenjabulo yingxenye yesifazane yenani labantu - kwacaca ukuthi izikhungo zemfundo zizovulwa maduzane. Ngaphambi kokubusa kuka-Alexander, amantombazane amabili avela emindenini ehloniphekile athole imfundo edingekayo ekhaya, emakhakheni omthengisi, ephakathi nendawo ehlala emakhaya ngokuphathelene nekhono lezingane zokufunda nokubhala, banakekelwa abazali abangavamile.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-Charter ezayo

Ekwindla ka-1861, imithetho eyunivesithi eyamukelwa ngu-Alexander ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili kwakudingeka izuzwe. Nge Charter esizayo babengahlangani ngalutho futhi kwaklanyelwe ukuqaliswa okwesikhashana, kanti uMnyango wezeMfundo wasebenza emisebenzini yezinguquko ezinkulu ezilindelwe.

Ukuguqulwa kwemfundo yomphakathi ka-Alexander 2 kwenziwa ngendlela elinganiselayo nengqondo. Abaprofesa baseRussia bafunda imiyalo nezinhlobo zemfundo emayeyunivesithi amahle kakhulu aseYurophu, lapho athunyelwa ngokuqondile kulezi zinhloso. Zonke izinyathelo zabo ziye zaxoxwa yizikhulu, ososayensi abavelele kanye nezombangazwe abavelele izinyanga ezimbalwa. Le phrojekthi yathunyelwa ezikoleni zemfundo hhayi kuphela eRussia, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga. Ukuxoxisana okubanzi kwaphinde kwafakwa emaphephandabeni, okwakuvunyelwa ngu-Alexander ngokwakhe. 2. Ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo, izinzuzo nezindleko zokuxoxisana okuvuthayo, okwamanje kwakwamukelwa futhi kusetshenziswe kulo lonke izwe. Ukubhalisa kwabo kwenzeka ngoJuni 18, 1863.

Izici ze-Charter University kanye nemiphumela yokuqaliswa kwayo

Ngesifiso sokuletha izinguquko ezinjalo ezidinga izidingo zombusi kanye nalabo abafakiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlinzeko ezithile zeCharter zisho kuphela ukugqugquzela umbuso womphakathi. Inkampani eyakhiwe yabaprofesa yabanika ukuzimela ngokuzimela komkhandlu kanye namakhono, ngaleyo ndlela bephuca abafundi ithuba lokuzibandakanya ngokomthetho ngokwabo, okungafani namayunivesithi aseNtshonalanga. Ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo kuka-Alexander 2 kwaklanywa ngokusolakala esithombeni nesimo saseYurophu, kodwa cishe akukho lutho olufanayo.

Ngokungangabazeki, izinzuzo zaba khona ukuhamba okukhululekile kwezinkulumo, ukwamukelwa kwabafundi kubo, ukuqondiswa komphakathi phezu kokubusa kwamanyuvesi. Iphinda isakazwe kabanzi ngokufundisa kuphela, kodwa futhi ingxenye yezemfundo yokufundisa. Kodwa ukuntuleka komfundi ozimele uhulumeni, ukuvuthwa kwezivolontiya ezingakwazi ukugxila emiphakathini akuzona njalo izimiso eziwusizo ze-freethinking, okuvame ukuba yizizathu zemibhikisho emisha. Izizathu zezinguquko zika-Alexander, 2 ezisekelwe ekubuseni okungalungile, azange zilungiswe empeleni, futhi lokhu kwakungeyona kuphela iCharter Charter.

Ukuguqulwa kwemfundo yesibili

Ukwandiswa kwenethiwekhi yezikole zomphakathi eRussia futhi kuwela kuma-60s ekhulu le-XIX. Ngaphezu kokuguqulwa okwakuthinta imvelo yunivesithi, ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo ka-Alexander 2 kwathinteka zonke izikhungo zemfundo ezitholakalayo ngaleso sikhathi, ezihilela izingane kuzo zonke izici zokuphila. Imfundo yesikole manje ayitholakali nje emigodini yokuzivocavoca, kodwa futhi ezikoleni zangempela, lapho izibalo kanye nesayensi zafundiswa ngamandla. Abanye abaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo babecabanga ukuthi lezi zikole zibandlulula uhlelo lwezemfundo, zenzelwe kuphela labo abavela emakilasini aphansi naphakathi, ngoba abazange bafundise izilimi, ezahlukana nemidlalo yokuzivocavoca. Ngemuva kwalokho, iziqu zezikole zangempela ziphikisiwe ukufinyelela kumanyuvesi ngenxa yokungabi nolwazi lwezilimi.

Ingabe u-Alexander wayebheka lokhu kubalulekile? Ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo okwenziwe ekubuseni kwakhe kwanikeza ithuba lokuthola imfundo yesibili ngenani lezingane ezingaphezu kwalokho ngaphambili, futhi lokhu kwakuyinto esemqoka ngaleso sikhathi.

Imfundo yabesifazane ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kuka-Alexander

Njengoba kungase kubonakale sengathi kwakungabonakali, bekuphela kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ukuthi eRussia, ngokokuqala ngqa, abantu baqala ukukhuluma ngokusungulwa kwezikole zikahulumeni zamantombazane. Izikhungo, lapho zathola khona ithuba lokuthola imfundo yamantombazane abahlonishwayo, zaqala ukubonakala ngesikhathi sikaCatherine II, kodwa zazimbalwa, azizange zijabulele kabanzi ngenxa yokuthi kwakungenasisekelo sokungalingani ngokobulili, lapho abesifazane babelwa khona kuphela umama womndeni kanye kuphela.

Isimo sengqondo esinjalo sashintshwa ngu-Aleksandro wenkululeko yentando yeningi 2 - ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo, okwakubhekwa njengento ebaluleke ngaphezu kokuqedwa kwe-serfdom, Sakaza emantombazaneni. Ikakhulukazi kusukela ukukhishwa kwabesifazane, okwakuyiminyaka eminingi kusakazeka emphakathini, kwasekelwa ngokufudumele hhayi kuphela abesifazane abahlengikazi - abamele abaningi besigamu esifanele bafuna ukuzizwa bebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Ngo-1859 cishe yonke imizi yaseRussia yavula izikole zabesifazane. Umphathi uMaria Alexandrovna uqobo wabaphathisa .

Kusukela ekuqedeni kwe-serfdom kuya ekuqeqeshweni kwezingane ezihluphekayo

U-Emperor Alexander 2 wehla emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Liberator". Ukuqedwa kwe-serfdom, okwenziwe naye, cishe kuphelile konke ukubusa kwakhe, futhi kwakukhona abaningi babo. Ukuguqulwa okufanayo kwemfundo yomphakathi ka-Alexander 2 - kunalokho hhayi Isizathu sokumnika igama elithi "Umkhanyisi"?

Phakathi kwabahlakaniphileyo, ngaphezu kombuzo wesifazane, imiphumela yabalimi abavela kubanikazi bezindlu kanye nokuqhubeka kwabo kuxoxwa ngakho. Imibono mayelana nezidingo zenhlangano eyisisekelo yezingane ezihluphekile ayizange ibangele ukungezwani - izingqondo ezikhanyisiwe zombuso ziqaphela isidingo semfundo yazo ngokungenasisekelo. Abaningi njengesibonelo baletha isayensi yezesayensi yaseRashiya uMikhail Lomonosov, isiphetho Yikuphi okumangalisa kakhulu futhi okuyingqayizivele. Inhlonipho ejulile ngaye kanye no-Alexander 2. Ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo kwakuzovulela abantwana abaningi abahluphekayo indlela eya emhlabeni wolwazi. Ummeli omkhulu wokukhanyisa phakathi kwabantu kwakungu-Turgenev, owakhuthaza iphrojekthi yakhe yokwakha ikomidi lokubhala nokubhala, elivunyiwe nguMbusi.

Ukubaluleka komlando wezinguquko ezenziwa ekubuseni kuka-Alexander

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi u-Alexander 2 wasusa i- serfdom, wayamukela futhi wasayina izimiso ezintsha zezemfundo, wenza izinguquko ezikhanyisayo ngokugcwele, phakathi kokufaneleka kwakhe kukhona nezinye izinguquko ezibalulekile ezithinte umphakathi wonke waseRussia. Ngo-1862-1863, ukwamukelwa kwezinguquko ekuphathweni kwemithombo yezimali kahulumeni, ngo-1865 - umthetho omshini. Izinguquko - ukuzibusa, uhulumeni, ezempi - zamukelwa umphakathi ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa isidingo sabo sabonakala yibo bonke. Nakuba akuyona yonke into eyenziwe njengoba kuhleliwe, kodwa iqiniso lezinguquko kanye nokubaluleka kokuhlelwa kuka-Alexander 2 ekuthuthukisweni kombuso kunzima ukungazi. Vumela abanye babo banikeze izilinganiso ezahlukene kuze kube yilolu suku, kodwa iRussia yaba namandla esikhathini sika-Alexander 2 kokubili kwizinkundla zemithetho yasekhaya nasemakhaya.