Algorithms ngoba ukubethelwa kwedatha. Lesinesitfombe-sibuko ukubethela ubuchule obuphezulu. RSA algorithm. DES ukubethela algorithm. Khetha i-algorithm ukubethela

Ngo-computer yethu yobudala esintwini ngokuya enqaba ukugcina ulwazi ifomu ngesandla noma ngomshini, wakhetha ukwenza imibhalo electronic. Futhi uma ngaphambi ukweba iphepha noma isikhumba, kodwa manje ukugqekeza ulwazi electronic. Ngokwabo njengoba algorithm ukubethelwa kwedatha bebelokhu baziwa kusukela kudala. IMIPHAKATHI eminingi wakhetha ukubhala ngokufihla ulwazi lwabo esiyingqayizivele, ukuze bakwazi ukuthola umuntu kuphela onolwazi. Kodwa ake sibone ukuthi liboniswa emhlabeni wethu.

Kuyini uhlelo ukubethelwa kwedatha?

Ukuze uqale ukunquma ukuthi bamele uhlelo cryptographic bebonke. ukukhuluma Cishe, lena algorithm esikhethekile ukuqopha ulwazi, okuyinto Kungaqondakala kuphela kumbuthano uhlobo oluthile lwabantu.

Ngalo mqondo, a konke ongamazi ebona, kufanele (isimiso, kuba) kubonakale isethi lutho kwezinhlamvu. Funda ukulandelana can othile kuphela owazi imithetho indawo yabo. Njengoba isibonelo silula, ungakwazi ukunquma algorithm ukubethela nge ukupelwa kwamagama, isibonelo, emuva uye phambili. Yiqiniso, lena bakudala kakhulu, ungacabanga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma wazi imithetho zokungena, ukubuyisela embhalweni wokuqala abangu ayisebenzi.

Kungani na?

Yini-ke zonke uvele yingenxa akudingekile ukuchaza. Bheka, lokho inani ulwazi kwesokunxele yamandulo, manje ngekhodi. Kungakhathaliseki basendulo abasifuni ukuthola, ukuthi konke lokho kwase kwenziwa ukuthi umuntu wadalwa ukwazi ukuzisebenzisa kuphela uma ezingeni oyifunayo yentuthuko - kodwa kungaba kuphela ukuqagela.

Nokho, uma sikhuluma ezweni lanamuhla, ulwazi lwezokuphepha isibe omunye yezinkinga ezinkulu. Uzenzela, ngoba kukhona imibhalo eminingi endaweni yokugcina ka okufanayo, abanye ohulumeni ungafuni ukusebenzisa, indlela imiklamo eminingi imfihlo njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha. Kodwa konke lokhu, ngokwengxenye enkulu, injongo eyinhloko kubaduni okuthiwa, ngomqondo zakudala kwethemu.

It efika engqondweni ibinzana eyodwa kuphela ukuthi sekuyinkinga izimiso zakudala womsebenzi Natana Rotshilda: ". Ubani ophethe ulwazi, ungumnikazi emhlabeni" Futhi yingakho ulwazi kubalulekile ukuvikela emehlweni prying, kangangokuthi umbelethisi akawasebenzisanga omunye ngoba siqu izinjongo zabo zobugovu.

UHlelo Lobhalomfihlo: esizoqala

Manje, ngaphambi kokubheka kakhulu isakhiwo ukuthi unazo algorithm ukubethela, ukuphila ekujuleni kancane ku indaba, ngalezo zinsuku, lapho isayensi isanda kusungulwa.

Kukholakala ukuthi ubuciko ekufihleni idatha ngenkuthalo basungula ayizinkulungwane eziningana eminyakeni ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Ukuphakama is uyasho yamaSumer asendulo, iNkosi uSolomoni kanye Abapristi baseGibhithe. Kuphela kakhulu kamuva babe izinhlamvu ezifanayo Runic nezimpawu ezifana. Kodwa uyini ezithakazelisayo: ngezinye izikhathi umbhalo ukubethela algorithm (okungukuthi, basuke eyabekwa ngesikhathi) ngo efanayo ye-cuneiform nesi lasendulo ngohlamvu olulodwa kungasho incwadi hhayi kuphela eyodwa, kodwa futhi wonke izwi, umqondo noma isiphakamiso. Ngenxa yalokhu incazelo yalezi imibhalo ngisho ne izinhlelo cryptographic yesimanje ngokuvumela ukubuyisela ukubukeka yokuqala yimuphi umbhalo, kuba ngokuphelele engenakwenzeka. Ukukhuluma ulimi yesimanje, kuba impela ezithuthukile, njengoba manje uzwakalise, lesinesitfombe-sibuko ukubethela ubuchule obuphezulu. Bona sakhe sodwa.

Ezweni lanamuhla: izinhlobo ukubethela algorithm

Ngokuqondene ukuvikeleka kwemininingwane eyimfihlo ezweni lanamuhla, kufanele futhi ngigxila izinsuku lapho amakhompyutha awazange abawaziyo. Ingasaphathwa kangakanani iphepha wayiswa alchemy, noma Templars esifanayo, abanye bezama ukufihla imibhalo lishunyayelwe kubo ulwazi, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi njengoba ukuvela Inkinga yokuxhumana kuphela yimbi nakakhulu.

Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, mhlawumbe, idivayisi kunazo owaziwa kusengathiwa German umshini cipher ngesikhathi Okwesibili Umhlaba ngokuthi "Enigma", okuyinto elihunyushwe English lisho "imfihlakalo." Nalapha futhi, lesi yisibonelo kanjani wasebenzisa lesinesitfombe-sibuko ukubethela ubuchule obuphezulu, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ukuthi shifrovschik futhi cryptanalysts ukwazi ukhiye (algorithm), ekuqaleni lalisetshenziselwa ifihle idatha.

Namuhla, i-cryptosystem enjalo isetshenziswa yonke indawo. Isibonelo kunazo yesiteleka kungenziwa kubhekwe, isibonelo, AES256 ukubethela algorithm, okuyinto ejwayelekile international. Ngokombono itheminoloji computer, it ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise obuphelele ayisihluthulelo 256 izingcezu. Ngokuvamile, yesimanje ukubethela algorithm zahlukahlukene kakhulu, wazinquma kungaba cishe baba izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: lesinesitfombe-sibuko futhi quin. Ababona, kuye endaweni lapho uya khona, manje esetshenziswa kabanzi kakhulu. Kukhethwa ukubethela algorithm kuncike imisebenzi kanye indlela ulwazi lokutakula injalo yasekuqaleni. Kodwa uyini umehluko phakathi kwalokhu?

Lesinesitfombe-sibuko futhi quin ukubethela algorithm: uyini umehluko

Manje ake sibone ukuthi yini uhlobo umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi izinhlelo ezinjalo kanye Imigomo esekelwe phezu kwayo kusekelwe isicelo yabo umkhuba. Njengoba kusobala ukubethela algorithm zihlobene imiqondo yejeyomethri wesimethri futhi asymmetry. Lokho kusho manje izochazwa.

Lesinesitfombe-sibuko ukubethela algorithm DES, ithuthukiswe ngo-1977, kusho ukuba khona ukhiye olulodwa okuthiwa baziwa amaqembu amabili ukhathazekile. kulula ukusebenzisa ukwazi ukhiye, ngiwuhlakulele, ukufunda isethi efanayo lutho of izinhlamvu, eyilethe, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, etholakala ngohlobo olufundwa.

Futhi ziyini quin ukubethela algorithm? Kukhona izinkinobho ezimbili ezisetshenziswa, okungukuthi ukuze encode ulwazi yokuqala elisebenzisa owodwa ukuqhaqha okuqukethwe - omunye, futhi akudingekile ukuba nabo benze okufanayo, noma ngesikhathi esifanayo babe ku-esephepheni bese ekuhumusha izinhlangothi. Ukuze ngamunye wabo eyodwa kuphela. Ngakho, ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu kokubili okhiye ayifakiwe ngokufaka isandla sesithathu. Nokho, ngokusekelwe ngesimo samanje, kubaduni eziningi ukuntshontsha lolu hlobo inkinga ethile futhi akuzona. Enye into - ukuze uthole ngqo ukhiye (ukukhuluma cishe, iphasiwedi), okuyinto efanelekayo ukuqhaqha idatha. Kodwa ongakhetha kungaba khona eziningi kangaka ukuthi ngisho computer yesimanje kakhulu ukucubungula kwabo amashumi eminyaka. Njengoba kushiwo, akekho zaleli zwe ikhompyutha ekhona Hack ukufinyelela kuye bese kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "wiretapping" Awukwazi futhi ngeke ukwazi emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

I kunazo owaziwa futhi evame ukusetshenziswa ukubethela algorithm

Kodwa emuva emhlabeni ikhompyutha. Yini ongase uyithole eziyisisekelo ukubethela algorithm ukuvikela ulwazi esigabeni samanje yentuthuko computer nobuchwepheshe mobile?

Emazweni amaningi, lo de empeleni waba standard AES uhlelo cryptographic esekelwe ukhiye 128-bit. Nokho, ngo parallel ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziselwa algorithm RSA, okuyinto nakuba okuhlobene ukubethela usebenzisa umphakathi (umphakathi) ukhiye nokho ingenye enokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Lokhu ngenhlanhla wabonakalisa ngezimanga bonke ochwepheshe kusukela ohlelweni uqobo akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni ukubethela idatha, kodwa futhi kulondolozwe ubuqotho ulwazi. Ngokuqondene nentuthuko ekuseni, lapho libhekisela le DES ukubethela algorithm, ke usuphelelwe yisikhathi, futhi ezama ukulishintsha Kuqalwe ngo-1997. Labe kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo, entsha futhi eziphambili (Okuthuthukisiwe) ukubethela AES okujwayelekile (kuqala ngokhiye 128-bit, bese - ngokhiye 256-bit).

RSA

Manje thina ukugxila ubuchwepheshe RSA esiphathelene i quin ukubethela uhlelo. Ake sithi umuntu oyedwa uthumela omunye ulwazi ngekhodi nale algorithm.

Ukuze ngemfihlo ukuthatha inombolo ezimbili ngokwanele enkulu X Y, abese ibalwa umkhiqizo wabo Z, ibizwa ngokuthi mojuli. Ngaphezu kwalokho inombolo ethile nezingahlobene nendaba akhethiwe A, okuyinto kwanelisa isimo: 1

Kwenzekani lapho ekuthunyelweni? Umthumeli yakha yezinhlamvu, okhethwe F, nomlayezo kokuqala M, kulandele Exponentiation A ukubuyabuyelela module Z: F = M ** A * (Z Mod). Umamukeli isibonelo esilula ukubala: M = F ** B * (Z Mod). ukukhuluma Cishe, bonke laba izenzo ziyancipha kuphela ukwakhiwa amandla. Isimiso esifanayo isebenza kukho nge kudalwa isignisha yezinombolo, kodwa ezothando lapha iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho. Ukuze ugweme ugcwalise ikhanda algebra yomsebenzisi, izinto ezinjalo ngeke enikeziwe.

Yini engingayisho, uma sifunani esizayo, ngaphandle kokuba uyakwazi ukuwuqonda esidlule. Uma sibheke ezweni yeminyaka yethu, singakwazi ukubona ukuthi umbusi efanayo Roman noGayu Yuliy Tsezar kwezinye izincwadi azibhala esetshenziswa lesinesitfombe-sibuko ukubethela ubuchule obuphezulu. Hhayi-ke, uma ubheka uLeonardo da Vinci, ngakho konke ngandlela-thile hhayi uqobo kusuka ukuqaphela ukuthi emkhakheni indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo, kukhona indoda egama ukuphila embozwe uhlobo isihenqo imfihlakalo, uvelile yesimanjemanje yayo eminyaka.

Kuze kube manje, abantu abaningi ungayeki aphumuze okuthiwa "Mona Lisa Smile," lapho kukhona into ekhangayo, ukuthi umuntu wanamuhla akakwazi ukuqonda. Phela, esithombeni mayelana izinhlamvu (e iso ingubo, nokunye. D.) Ingabe usanda kutholakala ezibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi konke lokhu iqukethe ezinye ubuhlakani ebethelwe omkhulu ulwazi namuhla, maye, asiyise cha. Kodwa siye ayiphathwa nakuphathwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo ezinkulu, okuyinto sakwazi ukuvula ukuqonda yemvelo ka isikhathi.

Yiqiniso, ezinye izingqondo sithambekele kuphela yokuthi ezikhathini eziningi liye Nokho wasebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ingxenye osemqoka", futhi akukuniki isihluthulelo konke esitolo enkulu yolwazi, okukholelwa noma asiyiqondi, noma uvele phakade. Ngokusobala, indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo okusadingeka kwenziwe i lot Amazing umsebenzi ukuqonda ukuthi yesimanje ukubethela algorithm ngokuvamile ungahambi kunoma ziqhathaniswa isikhathi yokusebenza impucuko yasendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma namuhla kukhona ngokuvamile wamukela izimiso kolwazi yezokuphepha, labo eyayisetshenziswa ezikhathini zasendulo, ngenhlanhla sesiyazi, sazi kukhona ezingafinyeleleki ngokuphelele futhi engaqondakali.

Futhi into eyodwa ngaphezulu. Kunombono ongabonakali wokuthi imibhalo eminingi yasendulo ayikwazi ukuhunyushwa ngoba izihluthulelo zokucaciswa kwazo zigcinwa ngokucophelela emiphakathini eyimfihlo njengoMasons, Illuminati, njll Ngisho nezimpendulo zishiya uphawu lwazo lapha. Yini ongayisho ukuthi umtapo weVatican uhlala ungenakufinyeleleka kuze kube manje? Azikho yini izinkomba eziyinhloko zokuqonda ukudala? Ochwepheshe abaningi bathambekele kule nguqulo, becabanga ukuthi iVatican ifihla ngamabomu lolu lwazi emphakathini. Ngakho noma cha, kuze kube kungekho muntu owaziyo. Kodwa into eyodwa ingashiwo ngokuqinisekile - amasistimu e-cryptography yasendulo awazange abe ngaphansi (noma, mhlawumbe, aphezulu) kulabo asetshenziswa emhlabeni wekhompyutha wamanje.

Esikhundleni segama elilandelayo

Okokugcina, kufanele kuthiwa akuzona zonke izici ezihlobene nezinhlelo zamanje ze-cryptographic kanye nezindlela abazisebenzisa zibhekwa lapha. Indaba yukuthi ezimweni eziningi kuzodingeka ukuthi kubangele amafomula ahambelana nezibalo futhi kubonise izibalo lapho abasebenzisi abaningi behamba khona nxazonke bazohamba. Kwanele ukubuka isibonelo ngencazelo ye-algorithm ye-RSA ukubona ukuthi konke okunye kuzobukeka kunzima nakakhulu.

Into esemqoka lapha ukuqonda nokungenelela, okushoyo, okuyisisekelo salolu daba. Yebo, uma sikhuluma ngezinhlelo zesimanje ezinikezela ukugcina ulwazi oluyimfihlo ngendlela etholakala kwinani elinganiselwe labasebenzisi, akukho okukhethwa lapha lapha. Naphezu kokusebenza kwezinhlelo eziningi ze-cryptographic, i-algorithms efanayo ye-RSA ne-DES ilahlekelwa ngokucacile okushiwo yi-AES. Noma kunjalo, futhi eziningi zezicelo zanamuhla zenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihluke ngokuphelele, sebenzisa i-AES (Yebo, kuye ngokuthi insimu yesicelo nedivayisi). Kodwa nansi "ukugunyazwa okungagunyaziwe" kwalesi cryptosystem, ukuyibeka ngomoya ophansi, abaningi, ikakhulukazi abadali bayo, besabekile. Kodwa ngokujwayelekile, ngokusekelwe kulokho okutholakalayo namuhla, abasebenzisi abaningi bazoqonda kalula ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokubhala nge-cryptographic, ukuthi kungani zidingeka nokuthi zisebenza kanjani.