Alkali metal compounds kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo

Kukho konke uhlelo ngezikhathi ezithile izakhi kuyinto iqembu elikhulu izinsimbi. Alkali, ane-alikhali emhlabeni, amphoteric, lezivakashi, enemisebe - okuningi wabo. Zonke izinsimbi zidlala indima ebalulekile hhayi nje kuphela ngohlobo nangokuphila kwabantu yemvelo, kodwa futhi kulezo zimboni. Hhayi lutho eziye zenzeka ekhulwini XX uye wabizwa ngokuthi 'nensimbi'.

Izinsimbi: izici jikelele

Zonke izinsimbi ehlangana nge ezivamile zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba izakhiwo, ngazo kungaba avelele kalula ngezinto okungezona metallic. Ngokwesibonelo, crystal ngehele isakhiwo kwenza ukuba:

• babashayeli kagesi lamanje;
• babashayeli ukushisa ezinhle;
• oluthambile futhi ductile;
• okuhlala kanye shiny.

Yiqiniso, kunomehluko phakathi kwabo. Ezinye izinsimbi kukhanye umbala esiliva, abanye - more matte elimhlophe, nabanye - konke red yellow. Futhi, kunomehluko ngokuya conductivity ezishisayo kagesi kanye. Kodwa noma kunjalo, lezi nemingcele - evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke izinsimbi, kuyilapho non-insimbi kukhona umehluko ezingaphezu kuka ukufana.

Ngokusho uhlobo amakhemikhali zonke izinsimbi - ukunciphisa ejenti. Kuye ngokuthi izimo ukuphendula kanye izinto ezithile ungase futhi isinyathelo ejenti njengoba oxidizing, kodwa kuyaqabukela. izinto eziningi uyakwazi ukwakha. Zamakhemikhali ngezinto ezitholakala ngokwemvelo e inqwaba e indlela yokwakheka Okunengi nofana amaminerali, amaminerali kanye nezinye izinhlobo. I degree of namachibi of izinsimbi uhlale omuhle, kungase kube njalo (aluminium, sodium, i-calcium) noma variable (chromium, iron, ithusi, manganese).

Abaningi babo bafunana kabanzi njengoba zisetshenziswa zokwakha emikhakheni ehlukahlukene isayensi nobuchwepheshe.

Chemical metal compounds

Phakathi kwalezi ingashiwo namakilasi amaningana ezinkulu izinto okuyizinto imikhiqizo ukuxhumana ngezinto nezinye izakhi kanye compounds.

1. Oxides, hydrides, nitrides, silicides, phosphides, ozonides, carbides, sulphides nabanye - compounds kanambambili nge-non-izinsimbi, avame basonta ekilasini kasawoti (ngaphandle oxides).
2. Hydroxides - ifomula jikelele Me ^{+ x} (OH) _x.
3. Salt. Metal compounds nge izinsalela ene-asidi. Kungaba ahlukene:

• naphakathi;
• omuncu;
• double;
• eziyisisekelo;
• eziyinkimbinkimbi.

4. metal compounds nge izinto eziphilayo - isakhiwo organometallic.

5. Zezakhi metal komunye nomunye - Alloys okuyinto etholakala ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Embodiments metal compounds

Izinto lapho izinsimbi ezimbili ezihlukene kungase kube kokubili ngaphezulu, selihlukene kanje:

• Alloys;
• nosawoti double;
• compounds kulokulukhuni
• compounds intermetallic.

Izindlela metal kuhlanganisa ndawonye futhi ziyahlukahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa Alloys encibilika indlela yokuhlanganisa kanye solidifying umkhiqizo okuholela.

Intermetallics kwakhiwa ngenxa ngqo zamakhemikhali phakathi izinsimbi, ngokuvamile ezenzeka nge ukuqhuma (ezifana zinc kanye nickel). Ngenxa yalezi izinqubo kudingeka izimo ezikhethekile: izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu, ingcindezi, cleaner, yokushodelwa umoya nabanye.

nosawoti kabili bese compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi zingase zimiswe uma nkinga izixazululo zezinto ukuqala, kanye Fusion yabo.

Ukukhiqiza metal kuhlathulula uxhumano phakathi kwazo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izindlela ezifana:

• Welding (igesi, ugesi, nokunye);
• brazing izinhlobo ezahlukene solders;
• ngentambo;
• riveting.

Isimo main - ukudala umkhiqizo kungaba nzima ukugqwala futhi lapho kuyoba khona ezivuzayo futhi ukungcola uqhekeke.

Alkali metal compounds kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo

Okuthiwa yizakhi alikhali ku iqeqebana lokuqala iqembu eyinhloko uhlelo gqwa. Kukhona 6 kuphela avulekele kade pheze zonke ngesikhathi esifanayo nge isikhawu esincane. Ngesimo izinto ezilula ngokwemvelo lezi zinto azisenzeki.

Ngenxa reactivity okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusebenza nzima kakhulu futhi iyingozi kubo. Ngakho kwadingeka basebenze kanzima ukuze bakwazi ukuzimela phakathi ifomu okumsulwa. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene alikhali metal compounds. Ezinye zazo ziye kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ezaziwa futhi awalulahlanga ukubaluleka nokuhlobana namuhla. Zisetshenziswa ubunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa, imithi, umkhakha ukudla, amakhemikhali umkhakha, yokusansimbi, isiqoqi sama-softwe, ezolimo, kanye nezinye izingxenye eziningi emnothweni. Khona-ke abakhululiwe eziyinhloko okuseduzane.

Izinhlobo compounds of izinsimbi alikhali nezinye izinsimbi basonta amaqembu:

• compounds intermetallic;
• compounds kulokulukhuni
• nosawoti double.

oxides

Kuzo zonke izinsimbi alikhali at amandla omlilo evamile e-oksijini ukuze unike i-nitrous uyakwazi lithium wedwa. Asele umbukiso umsebenzi ngokweqile, ngakho akha peroxides Me ₂ O _2. Kulaba peroxides esiyosikhulula oxide metal elula ingatholakala ifomu evamile Me ₂ O. Oxygen compounds of izinsimbi alikhali babe imibala ehlukene.

1. Oxide ka lithium, i-potassium ne-sodium - crystalline ezimhlophe powder.
2. Rubidium - ophuzi Umbala oxide.
3. Cesium - orange.

Inkambu eyinhloko isicelo - imboni yamakhemikhali. Alkali metal oxides basabela ngamanzi ukwakha kwakwakhe ezibalulekile - alikhali. Le mpahla futhi ngenxa igama leli qembu izakhi. Compounds of alikhali - metal oxides - ingxenye kuphela yemali ababeyitholile Imininingwane isisindo izinto ezibalulekile ezibalulekile, aqukethe lezi zinto.

Hydroxide (alikhali)

Zezakhi ngezinto alikhali gidroksogrupp ngokuthi alikhali noma hydroxides. Bonke - into caustic kakhulu ukuthi kalula ukubhubhisa cishe noma yikuphi okubalulekile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene kwezicubu isilwane. Ngakho ukusebenza alkalis kufanele niqaphele kakhulu, ezijulile chemical ukusha singenzeka endaweni lapho sihlala esikhunjeni.

Esaziwa kakhulu phakathi izidakamizwa alikhali kuyinto soda caustic, noma i-sodium hydroxide. Le ngxube yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho ezikhishwe nomlotha izitshalo futhi esetshenziselwa insipho making kanye ukuwasha izingubo. ifomula Chemical - NaOH. Namuhla soda caustic ukhiqiza omkhulu ezweni ngalinye, ngoba ngaphandle ukungabuyeli ayenzi cishe akekho legatsha zokukhiqiza. Isetshenziselwa:

• embonini petroleum;
• e izimonyo futhi kwamakha;
• zamagama chemical;
• ukwenziwa insipho yokuhlanza ejenti, Abrasives;
• ku isikhumba textile umkhakha nakweminye imikhakha.

Okunye izinsimbi kusukela iqembu ifomu ane-alikhali akubalulekile kangako futhi ezivamile alikhali. Okuningi noma okuncane ezibalulekile kuphela potassium hydroxide - Koh, okuyinto njengoba umanyolo caustic ezaziwayo.

nosawoti

compounds ezinjalo izinsimbi alikhali, njengoba usawoti, akuzona kuphela compounds cishe amangalelwe, kodwa futhi ekhona emzimbeni eziphilayo, ekugcineni ubungqabavu sabo esivamile sokuphila.

Usawoti ezibaluleke kakhulu, yebo, i-sodium chloride. Lena ezivamile ithebula usawoti, okuyinto ekhona njalo ekhaya futhi ongenalo unamathisele Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile ngenxa ovame kakhulu kuwo. Nokho, uma sicabange ukuthi samane ubalekela, bambalwa abantu abangacabanga kube nemiphumela ajabulile. ukudla Unsalted ube nzima, ngaphandle-ke kubangela umonakalo ungalungiseki, kusukela umzimba angengene ion sodium kwadingeka kwezinhlelo izitsha inhliziyo negazi.

Okunye okubalulekile metal alikhali compounds - kuyinto carbonate. carbonate Ikakhulukazi kanye sodium Bicarbonate, ethiwa soda ezivamile. It is lisetshenziswe womshini ingilazi, ngoba yokukhiqiza izinto zokususa amabala. Soda kungaba ukuhlanza ngokuphepha izitsha. It has enhle magciwane, magciwane, yokuhlanza kanye amakhorali izakhiwo. Kabanzi endaweni yokudla, ikakhulukazi ibhizinisi confectionery yokubhaka. Ngalo abilisiwe insipho ukudala izinto zokususa amabala.

Soda, usawoti kanye caustic - zonke lezi alikhali metal compounds ngokwemvelo. Zikhona ifomu okumsulwa, ukwakha ezifakwa noma ingxenye imikhiqizo omlilo of izinto ezihlukahlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi bayaba indlela laboratory. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi lezi izinto ezibalulekile futhi esiyigugu, njengoba azungeze umuntu futhi lilolonge ukuphila kwakhe.

Alkali metal compounds kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo ayigcini sodium. Kuyinto evamile nokuba futhi ethandwa emasimini umnotho, nosawoti ezifana:

• potassium chloride;
• Potassium nitrate (potassium nitrate);
• ye-potassium carbonate;
• Sulfate.

Bonke bangabangasokile umquba amaminerali abalulekile asetshenziswa kwezolimo.

Ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi - compounds kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izici leqembu leqembu eyinhloko izakhi zamakhemikhali yesibili. Isimo sabo njalo namachibi of +2. Lokhu ejenti asebenzayo ekunciphiseni, kalula ihlangana inengi izinto ezilula futhi compounds. Abonise zonke izakhiwo ejwayelekile of izinsimbi: isicwebezelisi, malleability, ezishisayo kanye conductivity kagesi.

Leyo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi common magnesium calcium. Beryllium libonisa amphoteric, barium yombala futhi Radium kukhona izakhi ezingavamile. Bonke bangabangasokile ukwazi ukwenza lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo kuxhuma:

• intermetallic;
• oxides;
• hydrides;
• nosawoti kanambambili (compounds nge nonmetals);
• hydroxides;
• usawoti (double, eziyinkimbinkimbi, ene-asidi, eziyisisekelo, naphakathi).

Cabanga compounds ezibaluleke kakhulu kusukela iphuzu eliwusizo umbono nendlela esebenza ngayo.

magnesium calcium nosawoti

Lezi ane-alikhali emhlabeni metal compounds, ezifana nosawoti, ibalulekile ngenxa eziphilayo. Phela, lo sawoti calcium umthombo obalulekile walesi sakhi emzimbeni. Futhi ngaphandle ngeke kube ukwakhiwa ezivamile skeleton, amazinyo, izimpondo, isilwane, izinselo, izinwele kanye elingenamikhono, nokunye.

Ngakho, usawoti ezivamile, i-ane-alikhali emhlabeni metal yi-calcium carbonate. nezinye izihloko yakhe:

• umcako;
• nangemabula;
• limestone;
• dolomite.

Isetshenziswa hhayi kuphela njengoba umphakeli-calcium ion in a eziphilayo, kodwa njengoba ngeziningi zezinto zokwakha, izinto zokusetshenziswa for zamakhemikhali umkhakha, embonini izimonyo, ingilazi nokunye.

compounds okunjalo ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi ezifana sulfate, futhi zibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, barium yombala sulfate (igama yezokwelapha "barite iphalishi") lisetshenziswa Radiology. calcium sulfate ngesimo crystalline - kuyinto Gypsum, okuyinto etholakala emvelweni. It is lisetshenziswe imithi, ukwakhiwa, nginyathela isikhunta.

Phosphors ka ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi

Lezi izinto aziwa kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi. Ngaphambili, babizwa ngokuthi phosphors. Leli gama litholakala namuhla. Ngokwemvelo yabo, lezi zakhi - kuyinto magnesium sulfide, Sesithombe, barium yombala, i-calcium.

Ngezinye ukwelashwa ezithile, bayakwazi ukukhombisa phosphorescent izakhiwo, kanye kukhanya enhle kakhulu ebomvu ngokunsomi elikhanyayo. It is esetshenziswa ekwakheni izimpawu zomgwaqo, iyunifomu kanye nezinye izinto.

compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi

Izinto okuyinto zihlanganisa izakhi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezahlukene metallic bemvelo, - eziyinkimbinkimbi metal compounds. Ngokuvamile, zingabantu ketshezi, babe amabala amahle ezimibalabala. Asetshenziswa ithempulethi yengqikithi ngenxa ukuthola qualitative ion.

Izinto ezinjalo labo abazokwazi ukwakha hhayi kuphela alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi kodwa futhi bonke abanye. Kube hydroxo, aqua izakhiwo kanye nabanye.