Ancient ngesiGreki izakhiwo: izakhi kanye nezici

kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi sidilizwa eye yaba nethonya elikhulu endleleni izakhiwo ubudala okwalandela. imiqondo yayo eziyisisekelo nefilosofi usufikile emasikweni Europe unaphakade. Kuyini ethakazelisayo kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi lasendulo? uhlelo Order, izimiso of ukuhlela zasemadolobheni kanye ukudalwa amatiyetha bachazwa kamuva kulesi sihloko.

izinkathi ukuthuthukiswa

Ancient Greece - i ngempucuko yasendulo, eyayihlanganisa eziningi zihlakazeke lizisho. Ihlanganisa olusentshonalanga ye-Asia Minor, eningizimu eNhlonhlweni Yamazwe AseBalkan, eziqhingini zase-Aegean, kanye eningizimu ye-Italy, yeSisili esifundeni Black Sea.

Umklamo yaseGrisi yasendulo emenza eziningi isitayela waba isisekelo e izakhiwo Yempucuko. Emlandweni sokuthuthuka ngokuvamile ukuhlukanisa izigaba eziningana.

• Homeric inkathi (kwaphakathi XII - phakathi VIII ekhulwini BC ...) - amafomu nezici ezintsha esekelwe emasikweni Mycenaean wangaphambili. Izakhiwo main kwakukhona izindlu namathempeli lokuqala, ezenziwe ngobumba, adobe nezinkuni. Kwakukhona izingxenye zokuqala Ceramic e decor.
• Zakudala (VIII - V ekuqaleni, 480 th BCE ....). Nge kumiswa izinqubomgomo, izakhiwo ezintsha zomphakathi. Ithempeli zikhanyise indawo ephambi kwalo babe maphakathi impilo yasedolobheni. Ukwakhiwa kwehlelo itshe elisetshenziswe kaningi: limestone, imifekethiso, ubumba ambozwe. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene emabandleni. Doric owandile.
• Classic (480 - 330 BCE ...) - bachuma. Zonke izinhlobo oda ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi ngenkuthalo asathuthuka ngisho compositionally exhunywe nomunye. Kukhona amathiyetha lokuqala nomculo amahholo (odeyony), izindlu kanye imipheme. Kwakheka imfundiso yokuziphendukela ezitaladini nemabhuloki sakhiwo.
• KobuHellenism (330 - 180 BCE ...). amatiyetha eyakhelwe nezakhiwo zomphakathi. isitayela ngesiGreki bokwakha is kwahambisana by izakhi asempumalanga. Egajwe zokuhlobisa, ukunethezeka kokuzitika. kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe i-oda laseKorinte.

Ngo-180, iGrisi ngaphansi kwethonya eRoma. Empire bayengelwa ukuba ososayensi dolobha yakhe phezulu futhi amakhosi yobuciko, lathathwa amaGreki, abanye amasiko abantu. Ngakho-ke, i-yamaGreki asendulo futhi izakhiwo amaRoma eziningi ezifanayo, ezifana e ukwakhiwa kwezindlu noma ohlelweni oda.

Philosophy izakhiwo

Kunoma yisiphi isici sokuphila ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo wafuna sifinyelele ngokuvumelana. Imibono mayelana bekungengenxa engacacile theory. EGrisi lasendulo, ukuvumelana kwachazwa ngokuthi inhlanganisela ngezabelo ubukele.

Zazisetshenziswa nomzimba womuntu. Nobuhle akugcini nje kulinganiswa "by iso", kodwa izibalo ukhonkolo. Ngakho, umqophi Polycleitus e indatshana yakhe "Canon" enikeziwe imingcele ecacile ukuze indoda ekahle nowesifazane. Nobuhle is ngqo exhumene impilo ngokomzimba ngisho ngokomoya futhi ubuqotho ngabanye.

Umzimba womuntu ngoba ethathwa njengeSabatha imininingwane design okuyinto ephelele bamba komunye nomunye. izakhiwo sidilizwa isiGreki ebaziwe, esikhundleni salokho, wafuna Ubuningi bamahora bavumelane lwemibono bokuthula.

Osayizi nomumo zivumelana emifanekisweni nombono wokuthi "okulungile" umzimba kanye nemingcele yayo. Buka we ukubaza kuvame okusakazwa indoda ekahle: ingokomoya, ezempilo kanye nemidlalo. Izakhiwo samuntu yabonakaliswa amagama yezenzo (ingcoza, isandla) kanye ngezabelo ukuthi zathathwa wacondza sibalo.

yangokwesiko komuntu ikholomu. ezisisekelo sazo noma isizinda ezihlonzwe ne izinyawo, isiqu - ne isiqu, inhloko-dolobha - nekhanda lakhe. Anemifantu mpo, noma imitshingo phezu namakholomu lolu godo izingubo emphethweni.

Ama-oda eyinhloko kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi yasendulo

Mayelana njengenye yentuthuko enkulu eyenziwa ubunjiniyela umcabango ayikwazi ukukhuluma eGrisi lasendulo. imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi izixazululo ke ayisetshenziswa. Ethempelini ngesikhathi ingafaniswa ne megaliths, olungena on a support itshe itshe uvumelanise. Ubukhulu bokwakha lasendulo isiGreki izici, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ku sobuhle bayo yayo kanye umhlobiso.

Nobuciko kanye ifilosofi isakhiwo wasiza ukuhumusha ukuze noma post-futhi-ugongolo ilungiselelo lakhe izakhi isitayela esithile futhi ngendlela. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo oda ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi:

• Doric;
• ionic;
• LaseKorinte.

Bonke kwadingeka isethi ezivamile izakhi, kodwa ayehlukile ngesimo sawo indawo yabo, ukuma umhlobiso. Ngakho, ngo-oda ngesiGreki wangena stereobate, entablature stylobate futhi cornice. Stereobate emelelwa isinyathelo ngaphezu base isisekelo. Kwabe sekulandela stilobat noma ikholomu.

Entablature wathwalwa yizingelosi ingxenye esisogwini amakholomu. Ugongolo ezansi lapho waphumula lonke entablature ubizwa ngokuthi architrave. Laliqhele a frieze - zokuhlobisa ucezu isilinganiso. Ingxenye engenhla we entablature - uphahla, yena lagubuzela ezinye izingxenye.

Ekuqaleni izakhi kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi kungukuthi elixutshwe. Ionic entablature waya kuphela ionic amakholomu, aseKorinte - the laseKorinte. Omunye isitayela - esakhiweni esisodwa. Ngemva ukwakhiwa Iktinos Callicrates kanye Parthenon e V leminyaka BC. e. Ama-oda waqala uhlanganise wembatha qongo of each nye. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngendlela ethile: lokuqala, Doric, ionic bese, bese eKorinte.

ukuze Doric

Doric futhi ionic oda ngesiGreki bokwakha kwakungamadodana main. Dorian uhlelo zazandile ikakhulukazi ezweni nemisinga eya uye ngofuzo isiko Mycenaean. It libhekene omkhulukazi futhi kancane nzima. Ukubukeka ugunyaza eveza ubuhle bezinguquko ezolile nangamafuphi.

Doric ikholomu ongaphakeme. Abanalo isizinda, futhi isiqu eqinile futhi tapers phezulu. Abaca, amakepisi engenhla, has simise isikwele amanga chweba isiyingi (Ehin). Imitshingo, njengoba umthetho, kwaba amabili. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Vitruvius kuqhathaniswa amakholomu sale oda nendoda - eqinile futhi iboshwe.

Ukuze entablature njalo baba seMhlanganweni Wezizwe architrave, frieze futhi cornice. Freese wahlukana eshalofini architrave sakhiwa triglyphs - side calandze up imitshingo ukuthi kushintshane metopes - kancane lalihlehliswa amapuleti isikwele noma ngaphandle ukubaza wabo. Friezes ezinye oda kwadingeka triglyphs ne metopes.

On triglyphs okuphiniwe imisebenzi ngokuyinhloko esisebenzayo. Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi limelela imikhawulo imishayo ukuthi walala phezu izindonga zendlu engcwele. Wayeke ngokuqinile ibalwa imingcele futhi isekela uphahla nemishayo yokhuni. Ngo kwezinye zezakhiwo ezindala kakhulu isikhala phakathi imikhawulo triglyphs metopes kungukuthi luphinde ahlale awunalutho.

ukuze ionic

Ionic uhlelo oda ladluliselwa lwase-Asia Minor, e Attica, futhi kulezi ziqhingi. Ithonya-ke kwadingeka eFenike nasePheresiya ahemedinskaya. Isibonelo esigqamile saleli isitayela kwaba Ithempeli Lika-Arthemisi e-Efesu futhi ithempeli Hera e Samos.

Ionica elihlobene ne isithombe abesifazane. Ukuze oda libhekene zokuhlobisa, ukudlala futhi Finesse. Sici Its main yayiyinhloko-dolobha, yakhelwe ngesimo a volute - symmetrically wahlela curls. Abacus futhi echinus ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emihle ebaziwe.

amakholomu ionic kukhona usinamathelise ohlabayo Odlula Doric. Isinqe salo waphumula ipuleti square futhi ehlotshiswe izakhi convex kanye ngilugweda yokuzilimaza zokuhlobisa. Ngezinye izikhathi base yayisethafeni sigubhu ehlotshiswe eziqoshiwe. Ibanga phakathi ionic amakholomu eside, okwandisa ngisahlose nangobuciko lesi sakhiwo.

Entablature ungase iyokwakhiwa architrave futhi cornice (I-Asia isitayela Minor) noma ezingxenyeni ezintathu, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya Doric (elisophahleni isitayela). Architrave ihlukaniswe fascia - Amashalofu okubeka ovundlile. Phakathi kwaso cornice has a clove encane. Umsele wamanzi phezu cornice ngokucebile ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso.

ukuze aseKorinte

AseKorinte kuyaqabukela kubhekwe ukuba bazibuse, ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi ukushintshashintsha ionic. Kukhona izinguqulo ezimbili, yokubika umsuka kule oda. Okuningi zezwe ukhuluma ngani zokweboleka umGibhithe isitayela amakholomu, eyayibonakala ehlotshiswe amahlamvu lotus. Ngokusho omunye umbono, umyalo adalwe umqophi eseKorinte. Laphefumulelwa kubo obonwa kwesitsha, okwakukhona amahlamvu acanthus.

Kusukela ionic uhluka ikakhulu ukuphakama futhi izihloko ehlotshisiwe, okuyinto lihlotshiswe amahlamvu acanthus eliqoshiwe. imigqa emibili amahlamvu ukulolongwa Uhlaka engxenyeni engenhla kwesiyingi ikholomu. Amaphathi Abaca ngilugweda luhlotshiswe ezinkulu nezincane Kuvunguza curls.

AseKorinte ayegcwele Decor ngaphezu kwezinye oda ngesiGreki bokwakha. Izitayela ezintathu ayebhekwa njengengxenye zikanokusho kunazo, nenhle futhi ecebile. emseni wakhe nokuba yinkimbinkimbi elihlobene ne isithombe entombazane esakhula, namaqabunga acanthus zazinjengethusi curls. "Girlish" ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi ngenxa kule oda.

amathempeli lasendulo

Ithempeli lalisendaweni isakhiwo main futhi ebaluleke kakhulu yeGrisi yasendulo. isimo saKhe yayilula, kwaba-prototype ukuhlala endlini sikwele. Umklamo lwethempeli yamaGreki asendulo zaziya kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kulekelelwa izakhi ezintsha njengoba nje engazange got a round ukuma. izitayela Ngokuvamile eziceze kangako:

• distillate;
• prostyle;
• amphiprostyle;
• peripter;
• dipter;
• psevdodipter;
• Tholos.

Ithempeli eGrisi lasendulo babengenalo amafasitela. Ngaphandle ikholomu ayo ezungezwe okuyinto wabekwa phezu kophahla gable kanye imishayo. Ngaphakathi engcwele kwaku esifanekisweni unkulunkulu ubani kokuba ithempeli libusiswe.

Ezinye izakhiwo kungenzeka ibekwe ekamelweni elincane sigqoka - pronaos. Ngesikhathi ezingemuva amathempeli ezinkulu wawusegunjini igumbi elilodwa ngaphezulu. Kwagcina iminikelo abahlali, futhi amathuluzi engengcwele yengcebo edolobheni.

Uhlobo lokuqala isonto - distillate - lalinabashumayeli engcwele, phambi Loggia oluzungeze izindonga kanye Antes. I Loge behlaliswe amakholomu amabili. Nge yinkimbinkimbi elandayo inani lamakholomu izitayela anda. Ngo prostyle zabo ezine amphiprostyle - ezine ngemuva kanye phambi olungaphambili lwesonto.

Emathempelini, peripetrah bona azungeze isakhiwo nxazonke. Uma amakholomu ahlelwe emhlabeni azungezwe izinqwaba ezimbili, lesi sitayela dipter. Isitayela yokugcina, Tolosa yasikisela amakholomu imvelo, kodwa azungezwe kwadingeka simise cylindrical. Phakathi uMbuso WaseRoma savela zibe uhlobo tholos yokwakha "Rotunda".

izinqubomgomo kudivayisi

NgesiGreki lizisho ezakhiwa ikakhulu ngasolwandle. Baye savela zibe ukuhweba ngayo embusweni. Impilo yomphakathi nombusazwe idolobha ubuhanjelwe zonke izakhamuzi zakhona obufanele. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi izakhiwo yaseGrisi yasendulo okhula hhayi kuphela isiqondiso kwezindawo zokukhulekela, kodwa futhi izakhiwo zomphakathi.

Ingxenye engenhla muzi wawuyinhloko lalinjengenqaba. Njengomthetho, kwaba phezu kwegquma eliphakeme futhi kwaqinisa kahle uma ekhumbula ukugcina nesitha ukugasela. Its kubekwe phakathi emathempelini onkulunkulu owavikela edolobheni.

isikhungo Lower komuzi kwaba esigcawini - evulekile emakethe endaweni lapho ukuhweba wire, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezibalulekile emphakathini nakwezombangazwe. It kwaku esikoleni, isakhiwo loMkhandlu Badala, basil, ukwakha amadili futhi imihlangano, kanye amathempeli. Along azungezwe esigcawini ngezinye izikhathi ufake eziqoshiwe.

Kusukela ekuqaleni, izakhiwo yamaGreki asendulo kucatshangwa ukuthi izakhiwo zitholakala ngaphakathi izinqubomgomo etholakalayo. ukubekwa yabo kwakuxhomeke sezwe wendawo. Ekhulwini V BC Hippodamus kwenziwe izinguquko ukuhlela zasemadolobheni. Wanikela anezikhala ecacile ezitaladini isakhiwo ehlukanisa emabhuloki ku calandze noma izikwele.

Zonke izakhiwo kanye izakhiwo, kuhlanganise i esigcawini, etholakala ngaphakathi amaseli wekota, hhayi okuthola kunzima ukuphuma izinga Imininingwane. Lesi sakhiwo kwenza kube lula ukuqeda ukwakha izigaba ezintsha kwenqubomgomo, ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ubuqotho nokuzwana. Ngokusho iphrojekthi ezakhiwa Hippodamus eMilethu, eKinidu, e-Asu, nokunye. D. Kodwa Athens, isibonelo, wahlala ifomu "kunezinxushunxushu" ubudala.

amakota

Izindlu in Ancient Greece zazihlukile ngekuya yobudala futhi engenayo zezimpi. Thola izinhlobo eziningana eziyisisekelo izindlu:

• iMégaron;
• apsidal;
• pastadny;
• peristyle.

Omunye izinhlobo zokuqala zokuhlala - iMégaron. iPlani lakhe baba sibonelo ngoba amathempeli kuqala inkathi Homeric. Indlu kwadingeka simise elingunxande ekugcineni ingxenye okuyinto evulekile nge kuvulandi. UMzila okantovyvayut amakholomu amabili, futhi aphumele ngaphandle udonga. Ngaphakathi, kwakukhona igumbi elilodwa kuphela kwemizi phakathi kanye imbobo ophahleni yentuthu.

Apsidal endlini nayo yakhelwe esikhathini ekuqaleni. Kwaba isikwele nge oyindilinga onqenqemeni ingxenye, othiwa Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba. Kamuva, kwakukhona peristyle pastadnye nezinhlobo zezakhiwo. Izindonga zangaphandle kubo were yisithulu, nokuma izakhiwo - valiwe.

Pastada kwaba ndima emaqaqasini inkantolo. Phezu ke laligcwele futhi kusekelwa izinsika lokhuni. Ekhulwini IV BC baba peristyle ethandwa. It azigcina kusakhiwo ubudala, kodwa ndima pastadny esikhundleni amakholomu ezimboziwe azungezwe we kuvulandi.

Ohlangothini imigwaqo kuphela izindonga bushelelezi yezindlu. Ngaphakathi kwaba egcekeni, azungeze okuyinto atholiwe zonke izakhiwo indlu. Windows ngokuvamile akekho, umthombo wokukhanya kwaba inkantolo. Uma amafasitela kanye babaziwa kanjalo ngaleso ubekwe esitezi sesibili. Interior umhlobiso kwaba ukweqisa ogxile elula kwaqala ukuvela kuphela ubudala amaGreki.

Indlu is ngokucacile ihlukaniswe isifazane (ginekeev) kanye owesilisa (Andro) nengxenye. Esikhathini amadoda saba izivakashi futhi wahlela isidlo. Thola ohlangothini labesifazane kwaba kuphela kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa ke. On the ingxenye Hynek kwaba engena ensimini. Leli bhokisi ocebile behlaliswe ikhishi, sauna ebhikawozi. Eyesibili phansi ngokuvamile lidlule.

Umklamo of the weshashalazi yamaGreki asendulo

Theater of Greece Ancient sasimunye hhayi kuphela isici ukuzijabulisa, kodwa futhi zenkolo. ukuvela kwakhe lihlotshaniswa yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi Dionysus. Ukusebenza lokuqala waseshashalazini yayiqhutshelwa ukuhlonipha lo nkulunkulu. Mayelana umsuka imibono yenkolo yasendulo yesiGreki yaseshashalazini izakhiwo okusikhumbuza khona ubuncane altare, elalisendlini orhestre.

Enkundleni, kwakukhona mkhosi, imidlalo kanye nemidlalo. Esikhathini BC IV khulu leminyaka, benza okwamiswa ngalo ukuba ezihlobene inkolo. Izindima nokulawula imikhiqizo wahlanganyela Archon. Tindzima main ayedlalwa ezingeqi kwezingu abantu abathathu, abesifazane ayedlalwa amadoda. Drama kukhala emncintiswaneni lapho izimbongi bashintshane nekwetfula umsebenzi wabo.

Sengqondo amathiyetha kuqala kwakulula. Maphakathi kwaba orhestra - round phansi, okuyinto kwaku choir. Ngemuva ke kukhona ekamelweni lapho abadlali egqoke (Skene). Auditorium (Theatron) owayemude eside futhi lisegqumeni, a umkhumbi skirting yesehlakalo.

Zonke amatiyetha zafakwa ngqo ngaphansi esibhakabhakeni evulekile. Babeqale yayingeyesikhashana. Njalo iholidi ezisekelweni sokhuni zazakhiwa kabusha. Ekhulwini V BC izihlalo izibukeli zaqala lekubazeni e itshe kwesokudla emagqumeni. Ngakho lokhu kubanga uphondo ilungile futhi zemvelo, ukuthuthukisa udluliseleke kahle. Ukuze uthuthukise umsindo resonance izitsha ekhethekile ebekwe eduze izibukeli.

Nge ngcono yaseshashalazini kanye esiteji ukwakhiwa nzima. phambi ingxenye yayo lalinabashumayeli amakholomu kanye phambi olungaphambili lwesonto walingisa amathempeli. Ezinhlangothini flat - paraskenii. Baqhubeka lokubuka ubuhle bendawo nokubingelela esiteji imishini. E-Athene, kodwa leyo ndawo yeshashalazi Elikhulu kunawo wonke kwakuyiSonto yaseshashalazini Dionysus.

lalinjengenqaba ase-Athene

Amanye amatshe ezikhumbuzo bokwakha yamaGreki asendulo kuyabonakala namuhla. Omunye izakhiwo ebalulekile kakhulu esekhona, iyona Acropolis yase-Athene. Itholakala kwi Pyrgos entabeni endaweni engamamitha angu-156 metres. Nazi Theatre of Dionysus, ithempeli unkulunkulukazi u-Athena Parthenon, Sanctuary kaZeyusi, u-Arthemisi, Nike nezinye izakhiwo ezidumile.

Ukuze emathempelini Acropolis yase-Athene libhekene inhlanganisela yazo zonke ugunyaza-izinhlelo ezintathu. Inhlanganisela izitayela kwasho Parthenon. It is built in ngesimo peripetra Doric, le frieze yangaphakathi elisezweni isitayela ionic.

Ngo maphakathi esibaziwe sika-Athena lizungezwe amakholomu. On the lalinjengenqaba wabelwa indima zezombusazwe ezibalulekile. ukubukeka kwakhe kwaba ukugcizelela hegemony komuzi, futhi indlela yokwakheka Parthenon kwaba ukucula yokunqoba intando yeningi phezu oda ahlukile.

Eceleni isakhiwo olukhulu abaqhoshayo we Parthenon iyona Erechtheion. It is ngokuphelele eyenziwe oda ionic. Ngokungafani "umakhelwane" yakhe, uyahlabelela ngezindumiso umusa nobuhle. Ithempeli lunikezelwe onkulunkulu ezimbili - ukuze Poseidon futhi Athena futhi itholakala kusayithi lapho, ngokusho legend, baphikisana iphutha.

Ngenxa inhlobo yosizo uhlelo Erechtheion quin. It has amabili ezingcwele - Zell iminyango emibili. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli thempeli kuvulandi okuyinto ayisekelwa ikholomu namatshe amhlophe amaningi caryatides (eziqoshiwe nabesimame).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Acropolis Propylaea walondoloza - isango layo elikhulu, sizungezwe amakholomu kanye porticos, ezinhlangothini elalisendaweni esigodlweni futhi epaki eziyinkimbinkimbi. Leli gquma Ubuye Arrephorion - indlu amantombazane, ihlanganisa izingubo Athens Imidlalo.