Ukuze isikhunta aphansi kukhona izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinto

Ziningi futhi ezihlukahlukene umbuso isikhunta. Ngokusho kochwepheshe ahlukahlukene, isibalo sezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ibala kusuka 100,000 abe ingxenye yesigidi. Futhi lokhu akuyona yonke nalokho okutholwe yisayensi! Kuyinto, ngenhlanhla is njengoba mycology eyaziwa, futhi ingenye wezitshalo, ngoba isikhathi eside, ososayensi baye absented isikhunta ukuze izitshalo. Kodwa kwakungeyona ngempela kunjalo. Amakhowe babe izakhiwo nezici ayisibonelo izitshalo nezilwane ezingaba ukuhlanganisa nabo nalabo nabanye. Yingakho ososayensi nezazi zezitshalo ziye zakhomba nabo umbuso ahlukene ngokwemvelo.

ngezigaba

Ngokusho ebaluleke kakhulu ngezigaba amakhowe zihlukaniswe ephakeme futhi aphansi. Ukuze isikhunta ephakeme kukhona ezinamangqamuzana amaningi futhi ezithile eziphilayo unicellular (ezifana imvubelo, kukhona ukuphetha microbiologists okwesibili unicellular). Kodwa namuhla asikhulumi ngazo. Class isikhunta aphansi (noma kunalokho abaningana kubo: I-ngeengaba ezahlukene - emithathu kuya kweyisithupha) kuhlanganisa wonke amakilasi isikhunta, ngaphandle Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes futhi Deuteromycetes. Futhi unabameleli eziningi, ezihluke kakhulu kunokuba nomunye ababukeka umsebenzi.

Abameleli beNdikimba isikhunta aphansi

Kuyini main alandisa sici emhlabeni lapho zingahlanganiswa ezicini ezithile? Basuke izimpawu umzimba vegetative - mycelium ongenawo ngodonga, isakhiwo owumphumela. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho amakhowe afana musa yakha hyphae futhi esikhundleni kukhona Plasmodium: cytoplasm nge nuclei eziningi. Sinenkosi esingaphansi ephelele ukuzala (ngokungafani ephakeme, futhi kungaba ukukhiqiza kabusha asexually). Ngokusho kweminye ngeengaba ukuze isikhunta aphansi zihlanganisa Chytridiomycota, oomycetes, Zygomycetes. Zikhona nezinye amayunithi.

"Isizwe Uqalekisiwe"

Ukuze wehlise isikhunta futhi ewusizo, kodwa abaningi babo bangabantu elimazayo. Fungus - imbangela yezifo eziningi futhi abantu nezilwane. Ingathinta isikhumba, izinwele, amehlo kanye umgudu wokuphefumula. Ezinye inhlamvu ukudla okunobuthi ngisho nokufa. Babalelwa ku-200 zama-isikhunta kuthinte izincwadi kanye nezinye imikhiqizo yephepha. Ezinye zidla utshani, owabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo kanye nempilo yabantu. Ukuze wehlise isikhunta phakathi labo kuthinte izindlu zokhuni lokhuni ujantshi belele, nalabo ezibangela ukugqwala metal. Shono French sezitshalo wavelet ngokuthi lezi abameleli "isizwe baqalekisiweyo". Waze wayekholelwa ukuthi isikhunta ephansi ukukhonza ngqo ukuphazamisa ukuvumelana akhona lonke uhlobo.

isikhunta White (noma Mucor)

Lokhu omele elikhanyayo isikhunta aphansi kungaba ngokuvamile babonakala ngesinkwa, ufulawa, isinkwa nemifino. Kukhona thina ngezinye izikhathi ukubona ngesimo uqwembe Fluffy olumhlophe, okuyinto mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. mycelium Sheer - Mucor mycelium - has a ukwakheka kwayo, olumhlophe futhi kungekho nto enemibala emihle (kungakho igama ezidumile ukhunta engezansi). Mycelium ingenye cell igcwele nuclei eziningi kule cytoplasm. Indlela ukukhiqizwa kabusha Mucor - spore. Ezinye imicu mycelium ukwandisa phezu amathiphu, ukwakha ekhanda abamnyama (nge konke lokhu uhlala kuphela kuseli eyodwa). On kubo futhi ukhiqiza ezinhlamvu uvuthwe futhi bechitha. Ngemva bekene eyalo umoya. Ukuthola indawo evumayo, emhlophe zesikhunta ukwakha mycelia entsha. Ngokuthakazelisayo, Mucor ilimaza kuphela umuntu okubangela spoilage. Futhi ngokwemvelo udlala ngempela indima eqakathekileko: kuyasiza ukubola izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo efile.

Okunye izinambuzane "kusukela aphansi"

Ukuze wehlise isikhunta ezinye ayingozi eyakhe futhi. Phytophthora kuthinta amazambane notamatisi, okubangela blackening we amaqabunga kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ons Sinhitrium umdlavuza amazambane nezilimo eziyizigaxa. iklabishi Olpidy, ngokuthi abantu "blackleg", okubangela blackening nokufa izimpande isitshalo. A ukhunta pathogenic, amazwe esuka eMelika, plazmopara vitikola umonakalo ezivinini Europe.