U-Andrei Vezaliy nomnikelo wakhe emithi

Andrey Vezaly - umsunguli we-anatomy ngokwesayensi. Incwadi yakhe enkulu De humini corporus Fabrica, eyasungulwa ngo-1543, baba anatomy kuqala kuboniswe ngokugcwele zomzimba womuntu. Yayisekelwe kososayensi, wayenze ekuvulweni, waphika izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka amaphutha amaningi kule ndawo ubuchwepheshe. Andrey Vezaly - isazi Yempucuko. Yena waba uprofesa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu e-University of Padua kanye udokotela uMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma uCharles V

Andrey Vezaly: Biography emfushane

Vesalius wazalwa ngomhla ka-31 Disemba 1514 e Brussels. Ngaleso sikhathi, nomuzi wawungowegolide ingxenye njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Namuhla inhloko-dolobha yeBelgium. U-Andreya waba nezingane ezine - ayenakho abafowethu ababili udade. Uyise, u-Anders Van Wesel, enkantolo njengokwenza komthaki e Margaret Austria. Umama, u-Isabel Crabbe, yokukhulisa izingane kwelinye endlini abacebile, etholakala endaweni ehloniphekayo eduze esigodlweni Koudenberg, lapho ayesebenza khona njengoba ubaba umfana.

Vesalius waya esikoleni eminyakeni eyisithupha. Mhlawumbe, kwaba isikole umphakatsi welibhola letinyawo Katolika e Brussels. Iminyaka 9 Wayelithole yingcweti izibalo, isiLatini nezinye izilimi, kanye balitadishisise izimiso enkolweni yamaKatolika. ngokuvamile Uyise ubengekho esemsebenzini. Futhi umfana, bakhuthazwa unina ukuthatha izinyawo kapapa, inzuzo ephelele a umtapo ezazinakho konke lomndeni.

ekolishi

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-15, u-Andrey Vezaly waya e-University of yaseLouvain. Laliqhele 30 kilometres, ukusuka Brussels. Kwaba isenzakalo esithinta yokuziqhenya umndeni: uyise okwakwenqatshelwe ukuthola imfundo ephakeme, njengoba akazalwanga emshadweni. Pho-ke, senziwa Vesalius wafunda art nangesiGreki. Wabuye kahle isiHebheru nesiGreki. Ngemva abahola-Master of Arts in 1532, wabe esengeniswa esikoleni sezokwelapha ehlonishwayo e-University of Paris.

Paris Medical School

Andrey Vezaly waqala izifundo zakhe zezokwelapha ngo-1533, eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni engu-19. nethonya elikhulu umsebenzi abafundi abanamakhono babe udokotela lasendulo ngesiGreki Klavdiya Galena, eyayibhalwe eminyakeni 1300 nangaphambi kokuba ahlangane nabo. Lezi zimfundiso babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli iqiniso elimsulwa nepheleleyo. Iningi kokuma yokwakheka uGalen enziwa ngesikhathi kuvulwa izilwane, ikakhulukazi wezinkawu, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo akuvumelekile ngaleso sikhathi ukuba enqamula abantu.

Andrey Vezaly njengenhlangano anatomist ukweleta kakhulu uthisha wakhe ukwakheka komzimba womuntu Guinteru Johann von Andernach, ababehumushela imibhalo yamaGreki asendulo olimini lwesiLatini uGalen. Thanda udokotela lwesiGreki sakuqala, wayebheka lokuphatselene nalakufundze emphilweni nokuqaphelisisa indlela engcono kakhulu ukuthola ulwazi yokwakheka. autopsies womuntu Iningi ngenkathi kwenziwa kuphela ngenjongo ukuze siqinisekise abafundi ukuthi zonke ebhalwe uGalen no uHippocrates kwakuyiqiniso.

Ngesikhathi ukuboniswa ejwayelekile ye hlaba noma udokotela ohlinzayo ukwenza ukusikeka ezidingekayo futhi uthisha, ehlezi phezulu umzimba, ngafunda ukuthi amavesi efanele kusukela lasendulo usebenza ngokuzwakalayo. Usiza abafundi, ekhomba emizimbeni kuxoxwa. Njengoba imibhalo yasendulo ingaqukatha amaphutha, abafundi babengavunyelwe ukubuza imibuzo noma ukuxoxa asike izidumbu zabantu. izingxabano Academic kuvame asebenzelana ngayo translation efanele imisebenzi lasendulo, hhayi anatomy.

Guinter von Andernach kwaba uhlobo ezingavamile uthisha ngalezo zinsuku. Wavumela abafundi bakhe ukuba enqamula yena. Nakuba lo mkhuba uyakulahla amayunivesithi amaningi. Njengomthetho, ke bafeza kwesidumbu zezigebengu futhi kubhekwe ezilulazayo ngoba abantu abafundile ukubhekana nalezi zezinhlobo ezenyanyekayo.

Amakhono Vesalius Guintera umxhwele kangangokuthi ngacela uNkulunkulu ukuba anisize nge incwadi komzimba galenovo Institutiones anatomicae. Lo msebenzi wakhe wanyatheliswa ngo-1536. It Guinter adunyiswe umfundi wakhe oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala: "Lena insizwa ethembisa unolwazi esivelele imithi, ngokuqephuza ngesiLatini nesiGreki futhi onokuhlangabezanwe nakho e anatomy."

ELouvain Medical School

Andrey Vezaly waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye eParis 1536, njengoba phakathi France futhi njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, kwaba nempi. wabuyela University yaseLouvain ukuqedela izifundo zakhe zezokwelapha. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe nokwakheka wayebhekwa ngokushesha. Ngokushesha Vesalius wayalwa ukuba bagcine futhi zisho kwesidumbu, wafa noblewoman ngokuzumayo eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala. Anatomy zabesifazane abasha ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola siyindlala. Vesalius Wathukuthela wangqangqa ngu nalwazi udokotela ohlinzayo futhi wathatha phezu kwesidumbu.

Naphezu yayiyazi nakho wabo okhulayo, wayesalokhu Loti nabaka Abram baxabana nolwazi lwayo komzimba womuntu. Vesalius waqaphela ukuthi imibhalo ngaphezu kwanoma ngeke bakwazi ukufundisa. Manje, u-Andreya waba ukudiliza imingcele ukuze ulwazi ayakhiwe ngu uprofesa endala imithi, ababe uyajabula ngokuthi ukhulekela uGalen no sikaHippocrates. Ukuze ucwaningo wayedinga umzimba womuntu.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokubuyela ELouvain Andrey Vezaly nomngane wakhe wathola umzimba cishe ephelele isigelekeqe abulawe, kwesokunxele endaweni evulekile. Kwethulwa ithuba kwakukuhle kakhulu ukuba angakuvumela ukuba kuphunyuka. Ngalobo busuku Vesalius snuck emzimbeni, laphinda dissected ke, okwenza kube lwamathambo, bese kusetshenziswa njengendlela aid ezibukwayo. Ukuze asole wakhuphuka nendaba lokho kwamlethela eParis. Ngokusebenzisa ukuboniswa kwesidumbu kubafundi, Vesalius e ELouvain waba de empeleni waba womfundisi lolungakahleleki nokwakheka. Ngo-1537, ngineminyaka engu-22, wathola iziqu ze-bachelor emkhakheni wezokwelapha.

Andrey Vezaly: Biography usosayensi

I wabahambisa abasha ababefuna ukuba udokotela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwakudingeka athole ziqu edingekayo. Ukuze kufezwe lokho, wabhalisa e-University of Padua elisenyakatho ye-Italy. UProfesa ngokushesha baqaphela ukuthi Vesalius khona umfundi ezehlukile. Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, bona bayidlulise uhlolo lokugcina. A onamakhono insizwa nje isikhathi amabili nantathu yayo lokuzalwa wathola iziqu zakhe. Othisha ngokushesha bakhetha lona ukuba libe uprofesa nokwakheka ukuhlinzwa.

Andrey Vezaly imisebenzi yayo esemqoka batawubhala Padua. Wayeyazi kahle isidingo ihluzo futhi tibonwa ezingase ukusiza abafundi baqonde anatomy. Vesalius abayisebenzisa phakathi kwesidumbu. Ngomnyaka wokuqala professorship yakhe, e 1538-m, wanyathelisa Tabulae anatomicae ubulili -. «Amatafula eziyisithupha yokwakheka" imifanekiso Visual ahambisana amanothi ukuthi zenziwa phakathi ukuvulwa yakhe yokuqala yeningi Padua Andrey Vezaly. Iqhaza anatomy usosayensi akunakuphikwa. Kwaba diagrammatic ukubukwa isibindi, lwemithambo futhi uhlelo emithambo yegazi, amathambo. Incwadi ngokushesha saba yintandokazi. It ifike siwulingise.

Ngo-1539, izifundo yokwakheka Vesalius sika yayisekelwa abahluleli WasePadua. Waba nesithakazelo emsebenzini ososayensi baqala ukunikeza kuye ne Nezidumbu zezigebengu ukuze asike izidumbu zabantu. Ngalesi sikhathi, Vesalius kucaca ukuthi la madoda anatomy of uGalen bekungelona. Nokho, buyingozi ukuphikisa imibono - kunzima ngezinye izikhathi. Ngisho e Ezikhathini zamuva kaningi kakhulu, imibono emisha kwadingeka wokulwela amalungelo ayo khona, ngisho noma okusekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile. Vesalius futhi kwadingeka ekuphikiseni ukubukwa Orthodox ezazikhona iminyaka 1,300.

Ngo "eziyisithupha amatafula yokwakheka" esikhundleni ukuchaza imibono yabo phakathi nocwaningo lwanamuhla, usosayensi waqhubeka isiko ethize. Andrey Vezaly wethule isibindi ifomu medieval - ngesimo imbali quintuple. Echaza inhliziyo futhi aorta sinjengoba sichazwa uGalen kubo - lezi zindikimba lezimfene, hhayi abantu. Nokho, lolu hlaka lwamathambo wakwazi ukukhiqiza wamavukelambuso, nakuba izinguquko ezicashile. Vezaliy yabonisa emhlathini womuntu, ehlanganisa eyodwa, amathambo kunokuba ezimbili njengoba kushiwo uGalen ngokungalungile.

Incwadi ku nokwelapha ngokukhipha igazi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Vesalius mini-ukuvukela futhi wathatha ingxenye kule mpikiswano mayelana venostomy noma ngokukhipha igazi. Le nqubo ibizwa sezisetshenziswa aphathe noma ekudambiseni izimpawu iziguli. Odokotela babephikisana ngokuthi lapho ukwenza vein imbobo - eduze indawo yokulimala noma ibanga ukusuka kuye. Inkhulumomphikiswano lwavutha ngoba odokotela baye bancika ukuhumusha Arabhu yemisebenzi uGalen - imisebenzi yakhe yasekuqaleni ngesiGreki ayengenawo eYurophu kusukela ngezikhathi zeRoma. Nokho, kokuwa kweConstantinople washintsha isimo. Futhi futhi umsebenzi uGalen izifundo yokuqala. Odokotela baye bathola ukuthi umbhalo wesiGreki ngezinye izikhathi ephikisana translation Arabhu, lapho ayethola isikhathi eside kangaka.

Ngo-1539, ngineminyaka engu-24, Vesalius babhala incwadi nomkhuba wokuchitha igazi. Hhayi esebenza ohlangothini noma yiziphi izinguquko wamavukelambuso, waphinde wephule eyejwayelekile ukukhuluma ngekubona yabo kunokuba ecaphuna imibhalo yakudala. manje Vesalius kunqunywa ukufuna iqiniso bebodwa, esikhundleni sokuncika umsebenzi kwabanye.

Ukuvela elakheke entsha

Ngo-1540, ngineminyaka engu-25, u-Andrey Vezaly waqala ukusebenza ku-anemidwebo ebhukwinitifundvo anatomy De humini corporus Fabrica ( «On Ukuklanywa komzimba womuntu"). Le ncwadi kwaba umsebenzi wakhe izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu. Ngo 1543-m Vesalius wathatha i yonyaka wesabatha eNyuvesi WasePadua. Wahamba waya eBasel, eSwitzerland, ukuqedela ukulungiselela yencwadi ukushicilelwa.

"On the Ukuklanywa komzimba womuntu" kwaba umxhwele umsebenzi ivolumu Amakhasi 700 imiqulu eziyisikhombisa. Igalelo eyaba nalo ezibukwayo - ezingaphezu kuka-270 imifanekiso okuthakazelisayo - kwaba omkhulu. Emqulwini yesibili, isib, okwethulwa izithombe ezinemininingwane ngokumangalisayo lwabantu uchungechunge imifanekiso okubonisa ungqimba-by-ungqimba imisipha Ukuklanywa komzimba. Lezi zinombolo cishe babe edume kunazo emlandweni izithombe zokwelapha.

Kunzima overestimate ukubaluleka incwadi, eyabhalwa Andrey Vezaly. Iqhaza imithi wawumkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhiqizo kwibanga elibalulekile emlandweni yobuciko. Ngeshwa, igama lomculi, osesebenze ngalezi usosayensi yaqhubeka ingaziwa. Izithombe ayehambisana incazelo imisipha.

Akumangalisi ukuthi, uma kubhekwa ingcebo imifanekiso futhi umthamo omkhulu, le ncwadi ethenga into ebizayo. It wawuhloselwe odokotela, imitapo yolwazi kanye aristocrats. Eqaphela ukuthi abanye bangase babe nesithakazelo emsebenzini wakhe, umlobi zakhululwa esisebenzayo, incwadi kufinyeleleke kalula ngemigwalo ezimbalwa ngokuthi Epitome. Andrey Vezaly ku "Esivelele" imifanekiso esetshenziselwa emizimbeni eziningi wesilisa ngaphezu kwabesifazane, cishe ngoba owesilisa zezigebengu babe inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela insikazi.

Fabrica waba umsunguli isayensi yanamuhla ka komzimba womuntu. It esiwujuqu waphula nge uGalen no sikaHippocrates. Andrey Vezaly kokuvula yayo isekelwe kuphela lokho empeleni ngiyibone kwesidumbu, hhayi ngalokho okulindeleke. Nazi ezinye zezinkulumo zakhe:

• Ngaphansi kwesithombe senqaba inhliziyo akudingeki amathambo. incazelo Wakhe uGalen empeleni isho uqwanga ngasesinqeni se inyamazane inhliziyo nezinye izilwane, okuyinto eqina njengoba isilo yokuguga.
• I sternum inezingxenye ezintathu esikhundleni eziyisikhombisa njengoba uGalen amangalelwe, esekelwe izinkawu kwesidumbu.
• I septum wenhliziyo akuyona ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Kuyo azikho izimbobo.
• Vena Vienna esiqala enhliziyweni hhayi esibindini njengoba uGalen amangalelwe.
• Akukho umzimba ezifana mirabile rete - «ngokuyisimangaliso plexus" imithambo internal kusolakala ephuma inhliziyo ebuchosheni.
• Abesilisa nabesifazane asebeneminyaka anenombolo alinganayo izimbambo. Laba bameleli be-wobulili namandla is hhayi ulahlekile izimbambo, njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile.
• Abesilisa nabesifazane asebeneminyaka abe namaswidi alingana amazinyo. UGalen futhi athi yangaphambili maningi.

Iningi labantu abafunda yencwadi kwamhlangabeza omuhle. Sekuvele reference anatomists sina futhi odokotela. Nokho, abanye odokotela nososayensi wazizwa elesaba ngoba Akhé emisebenzini yabo emsebenzini uGalen Vesalius ehlaselwa.

Ngokwesibonelo, Yakob Silvy owafundisa Andrew e Paris, echazwe umfundi wakhe wangaphambili njengoba calumniator zidla neyokungazi ngubani ngokukhohlisa ehlaselwa uthisha wakhe nge amanga nolaka, ngokuphindaphindiwe ukusonta iqiniso bemvelo. Esho lokhu, kungase kudingeke ngaleyo ndlela siphindiselelwe ongumfundi wakhe, okuyibona ukuthi izindlela zokufundisa USylvia iwukuhlola nezidumbu amakati nezinja esikhundleni abantu abangekho wakwazi ukuholela entuthukweni isayensi komzimba womuntu.

Andrey Vezaly 'Ngolweshumi Ukuklanywa komzimba womuntu "elalinikezelwe uMbusi uCharles V Wamnika ikhophi ekhethekile ephrintiwe yesikhumba. Indodana Epitome Vesalius enikelwe Charles - Prince Philip.

udokotela enkantolo

Lapho i-emperor wabona incwadi, ogama lalibhalwe Andrey Vezaly, Biography of the usosayensi wenza esinye ithuba - wamiswa udokotela asebukhosini. Wasula ekubeni onguprofesa Padua, ekubeni owesihlanu lwamakhosi omele Vesalius, owayesesimweni inkonzo enkantolo. Njengoba udokotela-udokotela, kwakufanele bonyana enze sebuthweni. Lapho kuqala impi, Vesalius wathunyelwa empini ngisebenza njengodokotela ohlinzayo. Abajwayele ukusebenza izidumbu, ubelokhu elwa ukusingatha iziguli ophilayo. Udokotela ohlinzayo abanolwazi Daza Chacon wamsiza ufunde indlela ngokushesha ukwenza ukunqunywa.

Winter 1543 Vesalius wafika Italy ukuba azoyidlalela umculo egumbini sokuhlaziya, bese entwasahlobo ka 1544 ngowokuqala wabuyela inkonzo yezempi. Waba udokotela ohlinzayo kakhulu. Omunye imisebenzi enkantolo Vesalius wagqunyiswa izidumbu yabakhulu abacebile, owashona ngo ukulwa. Lokhu kwakumenza akwazi ukuthutha ukwenza olunye ucwaningo yokwakheka, thatha amanothi bese wenze kokuma.

Phakathi 1544 liye limenyezelwe emhlabeni wonke. Futhi Andrey Vezaly, udokotela ohlinzayo, wabuya ukuba banakekele nombusi esigodlweni sakhe endaweni ngokunethezeka. Idumela lakhe laqhubeka likhula njengoba wathola izincwadi ezivela odokotela eYurophu ukunikeza iseluleko nasezimweni ezinzima kakhulu.

Ngo 1556, uMbusi uCharles V wasinika amandla ukuze Philip indodana yakhe. Ngo ukubonga, Vesalius, owaphenduka engu-41 ubudala, ngenxa yenkonzo yokwethembeka, Charles pha him impesheni esaphila futhi isihloko ahlukile we Ukubala-LasePalatine. udokotela Court waqhubeka esebenza, manje enkonzweni kaFiliphu.

pilgrimage

Andrey Vezaly ephelezelwa Philip e Madrid, kodwa kukhona wayengabhekiseli ujabulela ukuphila. odokotela Spanish ukwelapha isifo, sithembele ukunyakaza amaplanethi. Asike izidumbu zabantu ka imizimba yabantu kwakungavunyelwe. Konke lokhu kwakubonakala kunalokho emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFiliphu wayemthanda imithi yesintu yezokwelapha, hhayi lesimanje lesayensi. Vesalius sobala ukuthi akasoze abe udokotela induna umbusi.

Ngo 1561, uprofesa anatomy Gabriele Fallopian, ababethi le ndawo wangaphambili ka-Andreya e-University of Padua, wathumela kuye ikhophi ncwadi wabhala ngokuthi Observationes Anatomicae. Kuyo bathi: "On the Ukuklanywa komzimba womuntu", a friendly nokukhomba ezinye umehluko phakathi umsebenzi Vesalius nokubona sakhe kamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza kucace ukuthi sigule sibangwe nezibi.

Ngo 1564 Fallopian wafa. UMnyango anatomy Padua isikhala savuleka. Ngawo lowo nyaka Vesalius siyishiya iSpain, waqhubeka waya eJerusalema. emithonjeni eyehlukene esekhona abathi bokuthi wayethunywe uFiliphu ukwenza uhambo njengoba sokuphenduka. UMbusi okuthiwa kwenziwa lesi sinqumo ngemuva umndeni yizicukuthwane watshelwa ngesikhathi anatomy of izinguquko e Spanish iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki kwesidumbu base wohlanga olukhulu inhliziyo lakhe namanje ukushaya.

Zonke lezi imibiko zisekelwe emthonjeni owodwa - incwadi, kusolakala ukuthi abhalwe 1565, lo ohlakaniphile Hubert imilenze. Kungenzeka ukuthi bakhiwe eminyakeni 50 ngemva kokufa anatomist. Andrey Vezaly, ogama biography abuchaphazelwa amaqiniso anjalo (imibhalo eyinhloko eqinisekisa amacala abekwa wona, akukho), cishe waya iqhinga nge waya ngokukhululekile ushiye Philip enkantolo eSpain, bese ubuyela WasePadua.

ukuphila Siqu nokufa

Ngo 1544 Vesalius waganwa indodakazi ka kumeluleki ocebile e Brussels - Anne Van Hamme. Babefanele nengane eyodwa, intombazane, owazalelwa e-1545. Abazali okuthiwa u-Ana wakhe. Umndeni wawuhlala ndawonye esikhathini esiningi. Kodwa lapho Vesalius waqhamuka pilgrimage lwakhe oluya eJerusalema, umkakhe nendodakazi yabo baphindela Brussels.

Usosayensi efika eJerusalema, lapho lathola incwadi isimemo sokuba esihlalweni nokwakheka ukuhlinzwa eNyuvesi WasePadua. Ngeshwa, u-Andrey Vezaly, Biography iDemo okwakubekelwa kabuhlungu kuphazamisekile, awazange abuyele WasePadua. isendleleni esuka eJerusalema sonakala yiziphepho enobudlova. Ngu nesikhathi lomkhumbi safika ethekwini esiqhingini yesiGreki Zakynthos, Vesalius wayeludinga ngokuphuthumayo iyagula. Washona ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Andrey Vezaly, umsunguli anatomy yesayense, wafa eneminyaka engu-49. Kwathi 15 Okthoba, 1564. Yena ungcwatshwa Zakynthos.