Amadolobha-isayensi yesayensi yaseRussia: uhlu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemizi yesayensi yaseRussia. Yisiphi isayensi ye-nyukliya isayensi ye-nyukliya ekhethekile? Idolobha lokuqala lesayensi yaseRussia

Kuze kube manje, kusobala ukuthi kuphela ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe ezintsha Russia uzokwazi ukuthatha indawo yayo efanele emakethe komnotho wephasi loke. Iphinde kuzovumela ezweni lethu lokuba kubuyiselwe futhi silondoloze isimo waba namandla amakhulu.

Yebo, i-Russia amumethe imithombo othelekisekayo yemvelo (kufaka phakathi igesi namafutha). Nokho, imikhiqizo processing zabo eziyinhloko azizona isisekelo namandla kwezomnotho, ngezinye izikhathi wokubeka izwe lethu yibhece emazweni asethuthukile ngaphezulu. Yingakho ufuna ushintsho ngokushesha kusukela umnotho is eliqhutshwa amafutha kanye energy imithombo, ekuthuthukiseni innovative yonke imikhakha emnothweni kazwelonke. Futhi lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma ukushukuma kwengqondo futhi imisebenzi ucwaningo emkhakheni temandla netekutfutsa, isakhiwo umshini, ithuluzi ukwenza, zezindiza kanye umkhakha isikhala.

Kufanele futhi kube impumelelo ezintsha kwezokwelapha imfundo, bio- kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi. Njani ukwenza lokhu? Foster futhi ukukhuthaza amakhono namandla engqondo nawokuxoxa kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe ngokusebenzisa nokuthuthukisa amadolobha isayensi Russian.

Indaba

Into enjengale "umuzi isayensi", uvele Russia kuphela ekuqaleni 90s kwekhulu elidlule. Futhi isigaba saso sokuqala, kwaba uhlamvu ngokuhlanganyela. Uhlu, eyayinekheli emadolobheni isayensi Russian, kwakuyimizi elihlanganisiwe nemizana, ayenezinkinga ukuthuthukiswa efanayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa uhlobo olukhethekile zokuhlala. Kwakumelwe ucwaningo idolobha-ukwakha futhi ukukhiqizwa nezinye izinhlangano ezixhunyiwe ngqo ekuthuthukiseni sphere zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe emnothweni kazwelonke. Yayiyini izimfanelo ukusungulwa imijondolo efana?

Naukogrady eRussia ayehlaselwa umkhiqizo mkhuba global. Umbala wawo Lwenziwe ngesikhathi lapho ezingeni yentuthuko isimo saba abalulekile umthelela ezintsha.

emadolobheni Isayensi Russian kwahluka lokuhlushwa angako intelligence ukuthi kwamsiza kwakha, bese ubamba silinganiso amasu eyayidingeka kakhulu ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu yamasosha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokudala imijondolo efana naleyo isimo wakwazi ukufeza eliphakeme locwaningo ezindaweni eziningana.

naukogradov geography

Okwamanje, ezweni lethu kuba nemizana ayisikhombisa, injongo eyinhloko okuyinto ukuthuthukisa izinkomba ezintsha. emadolobheni isayensi City-Russian zitholakala kuleyandawo we umdweshu.

Cishe isigamu kulolu hlu zingatholakala ebalazweni esifundeni laseMoscow. Lezi zihlanganisa futhi Zelenograd, okuyinto ingxenye sokusebenzisana zokuphatha yenhloko-dolobha.

Phesheya, esifundeni eMoscow, ensimini ka emaphakathi neRussia, enye imfundo eziyisishiyagalombili isayensi. Basuke etholakala Kaluga, uVladimir, Yaroslavl, Tver futhi Nizhny Novgorod izifunda.

Urals - isifunda sesibili lapho emakamu ngokwanele eliphezulu emadolobheni isayensi Russian zitholakala. Uhlu elikhulu uhlu ube eChelyabinsk Sverdlovsk izifunda. Okwesithathu e lokuhlushwa zokwakheka ezifana kuyinto eNtshonalanga yeSiberia. On endaweni yayo itholakala mizi eyisithupha isayensi. Ungakuthola kumephu ye-Altai Territory kanye saseTomsk naseNovosibirsk izifunda.

Ukwakheka naukogradov

Iningi nemizana, okwenza abe nengqondo, ukukhuluphala ngaphandle amadolobha. Esanda kutholakala, ababili emzaneni wathola isimo "emzini emadolobheni isayensi Russian." Uhlu yalemitimba wajoyina:

- pos. Chernogolovka isebangeni esifundeni eMoscow;
- pos. Okusha, ushintshe igama Relight edolobheni.

Ohlwini emadolobheni isayensi - emalokishini eziyisikhombisa. Kukhona phakathi lezi zidalwa futhi lamalokishi amane yasemakhaya. Kodwa lokho akuyona yonke imizi isayensi Russian. Zibhaleni phansi amanye Akademgorodok izikhungo ezinkulu yesayensi Ekude naseSiberia. Ukuxhuma yayo zokuphatha, zingabantu izindawo edolobheni.

A ezihlukahlukene ezahlukene, futhi isibalo sabantu abahlala emadolobheni isayensi. Esikhathini elikhulu kubo ebhaliwe ezingaphezu kuka abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amabili. Kulesi uhlu - idolobha isayensi Russia njengoba Biysk. Ukuze ucwaninge izinhlangano ezinkulu inombolo efanayo Dzerzhinsk futhi Zelenograd.

Bangaki Russian isayensi emadolobheni zitholakala inombolo yesibili eliphakeme labantu abahlala kuwo? Eight zokwakheka ezifana. Futhi iningi kulolu hlu itholakala esifundeni Moscow.

Ngokuvamile, idolobha isayensi Russia - edolobheni lapho izakhamuzi 20 kuya kwezingu-100. isamba okunjalo sabantu cishe ingxenye yabo bonke izinhlangano ngokwesayensi.

Emincane kakhulu edolobheni-isayensi emzini Russia - Primorsk e Leningrad esifundeni. labantu salo kancane abantu abangaphezu kuka-anamathandathu amawaka.

inombolo ehlukile izivakashi emadolobheni kwesayensi isimo ezisemadolobheni-uhlobo zokuhlala. Ngakho, inani labantu kwalesi sigodi. Orevo - izinkulungwane zabantu 1,5, futhi sonke isigodi ukudla. Krasnoobsk - 17.5 ayizinkulungwane.

Kepha Akademgorodok inombolo zakhona alwaziwa. Lokhu kungenxa entry yalemitimba emadolobheni amakhulu. idatha ethile kuphela laseNovosibirsk Akademgorodok, ngoba imfundo isayensi eSoviet wesifunda sokuqondisa. Ekuqaleni 2001 abantu ayizinkulungwane 130,9 ibhalisiwe.

Ukwanda Isayensi Amadolobha uhlu

Manje kunzima ukubala inani eliphelele izikhungo zocwaningo ukuthi bekwi imisebenzi ukwethula ubuchwepheshe besimanje emnothweni kazwelonke. Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona CATF - Kuvaliwe City, ngokuthi "amabhokisi emeyili". declassification wabo asebenzayo waqala engxenyeni yokuqala ka nineties kwekhulu elidlule, kodwa namuhla, akubona bonke laba izikhungo zaziwa umphakathi.

Nweba uhlu, okubandakanya emzini Russian emadolobheni isayensi futhi abanye ezindaweni nge engaba zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe enamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, muva nje kwenzeka nge Gatchina efanayo elitholakala eLeningrad esifundeni. Lokhu isiphetho, isibalo abakhileyo okuyinto ayizinkulungwane 82,3. Indoda, ngoba ethathwa njengeSabatha emzini isayensi ngoba isendaweni indawo Petersburg Isikhungo Nuclear Physics.

Uhlu izakhiwo ezinjalo zingenziwa:

- kwase-Angarsk, ise-Irkutsk Region (labantu - izinkulungwane zabantu 264.);
- Glazov (. Ayizinkulungwane 106,8 kwabakhileyo), Kutholwe ensimini ka Udmurtia.

Kwase-Angarsk electrolysis Plant isebenza ekubhekaneni uranium nokunonophala. Manje amehlo Kungashiwo kufanele kubhekwe umsunguli umkhakha Ural zenuzi. Lokhu isimo inikezwe edolobheni ngenxa Chepetsk Mechanical Plant oveza uranium metal.

Abazama isayensi emzini Russia - idolobha Sosensky elinabantu izinkulungwane zabantu 14.6 .. Lo muzi itholakala Research Institute Instrumentation futhi Automation, ngokwakha izinhlelo ngemboni zezindiza.

Kodwa lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele Emadolobheni amakhulu namancane, okuyizinto contender ekufakweni ohlwini emadolobheni isayensi. Ngakho, kuze kube manje, kubhekwe ekufakweni ohlwini izinhlangano ezinjalo, ePeterhof, ngoba leli dolobha waziwa futhi Museum idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

Isabelo isimo

Ngo-November 1997, uMongameli we-Russian Federation kwakuyisiqalo inqubomgomo isimo on ukuthuthukisa izikhungo zocwaningo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, ngemvume isimemezelo "On izinyathelo sokuthuthukiswa emadolobheni isayensi njengoba idolobha ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu nesayensi." Yingaleso sikhathi-ke wayezimisele kakhulu nomqondo imfundo enjalo, futhi ukufeza imisebenzi ezintsha zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe, futhi ehola izinhlobo ezahlukene zentuthuko zokuhlola ezindaweni okwakufanele kubaluleke kakhulu ezweni.

Eyokuqala isayensi emzini eRussia, okuyinto ngokusemthethweni wathola isimo esinjalo - Obninsk, ise Kaluga esifundeni. Kwathi ngo-May 2000. Ngemva konyaka, emzini isayensi nabizelwa ngokusemthethweni Korolev (reg eMoscow.). Ngo-December 2001, isimo ezazinikwe ukuba Dubna.

lunye naukogradov

Amadolobha ehilelekile emisha kanye kwenqubekela-phambili kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ukuqhuba imisebenzi yabo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho, kumugqa ofanayo kukhona imiphakathi zakudala yesayensi (Borok, Dubna, Troitsk) kanye Akademgorodok. idolobha ehlukile esabiwe, ine isizinda ehlaba umxhwele kwezesayensi nezezimboni (Reutov, Khimki, Zhukovsky). Futhi zihlanganisa imizi isayensi kanye umkhakha yenuzi (Sarov, Ozersk, njll). Ngo iqembu ahlukene yalemitimba ngamadoloba ihlolwa lapho kukhiqizwa imishini (Plesetzk, Ukuthula, 7 Dmitriev et al.).

Nokho, ngokuvamile emizini isayensi eRussia futhi lunye yabo ziyinkimbinkimbi. In esinjalo bokusungula umcabango izikhungo sinikeza ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo, esehlanganise anhlobonhlobo izindawo. Noma kunjalo, sonke sihlanganyela sici esisodwa esikhethekile. Phakathi inombolo enkulu imisebenzi kuba njalo kungenzeka ukuhlonza ezimbili noma ezintathu ezinkulu. naukogrady ezinjalo ngokuthi multioriented.

Kukhona umuzi monospecialized. Them nanso is ukuma eyodwa kuphela maqondana nocwaningo.

Ngo Ukwahlukaniswa emadolobheni kwesayensi lunye yabo futhi ukuthi ivelele beyiqembu Lesisemkhatsini. Lihlanganisa abantu bangayithola imfundo enjalo, okuyinto kwenziwa ucwaningo nentuthuko ku ezimbalwa, kodwa omunye wabo main, kanti bonke abanye - ozikhethela kuphela noma ohambisana umsebenzi oyinhloko.

ucwaningo Space futhi aviaraketostroenie

I kabanzi kunazo ucwaningo nentuthuko inhlangano isikhala kanye zezindiza izidingo. Kanjani isayensi amadolobha aseRussia usebenze kulesi siqondiso? izikhungo okunjalo ezweni 25, futhi nenombolo yabo eyinhloko itholakala esifundeni Moscow. Kukhona phakathi kwabo leyo mizi ukuthi wadlala indima ekhethekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe yezwe.

Ngakho, umholi we zasekhaya zezindiza umkhakha kuyinto Zhukovsky. labantu Its ayizinkulungwane 95,1. Abantu. Lokhu edolobheni isayensi iyisikhungo esihamba phambili ezweni lapho design nokuhlolwa ndiza. Nazi edumile emhlabeni Flight Research Institute yaqanjwa Gromov, kanye Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute. Zhukovsky.

Isayensi City isikhala ezikhethekile kanye Korolev, elinabantu ayizinkulungwane 132,9. Abantu. Corporation "Energia" iyona ibhizinisi core imfundo. Kuyinto yindawo ehamba phambili Aerospace Inkampani-kunjiniyela izinhlelo eziningi isikhala, kuhlanganise "Energy-Buran". Kodwa aligcini ngokuphendula lo Korolev abadumile. On insimu yalo kukhona isikhungo ukuqeqeshwa zezinkanyezi.

Ngu Queen adjoins kwelinye idolobha isayensi. Lokhu weJubili elinabantu ayizinkulungwane 27.7. Abantu. Ensimini ka le mfundo ucwaningo nezikhungo ekusungulweni amasistimu lesikhala-rocket eziyinkimbinkimbi.
lunye Naukogradov iyafana futhi Star City. labantu Its ayizinkulungwane 5.5. Izakhamuzi. Lokhu Ukwakheka emzaneni endaweni abaqeqeshwe osomkhathi ngoba nakumikhumbi.

Entshonalanga eMoscow lingumuzi isayensi ivaliwe. It Krasnoznamensk lapho izinkulungwane 29,4. Abantu. Emuva ngasekupheleni 40-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule ensimini ka ukuthi imfundo wavulwa emaphakathi ukuxhumana maphakathi, okuyinto manje isikhungo esiyinhloko ukuhlolwa nokulawula isikhala izindiza.

Omunye futhi elalidume kunawo wonke amadolobha isayensi, okuyizindawo ucwaningo isikhala okukhethekile emadolobheni ezifana ukuthula futhi Znamensk. Basuke etholakala eduze Plesetsk isikhala isikhungo kanye Kapustin Yar.

Radio Ubunjiniyela Electronics Centres

Isayensi City, onguchwepheshe umsebenzi kulezi zindawo, e iqembu ahlukene, njengoba ucwaningo olwenziwa kuzo ahlukile. Zonke izinhlangano ezifana eRussia ezintathu. Amabili edolobheni - Fryazino futhi Zelenograd - zitholakala esifundeni Moscow. Okwesithathu - Pravdinsk - ku Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni.

Obonwa electronics e inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia iyona Zelenograd. Umlando waleli dolobha, okuyinto manje ekhaya ukuze ayizinkulungwane 207,8. Abantu, waqala ngo-1958 Yingaleso sikhathi lapho uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe yokutholwa isinqumo ukuqala ukwakhiwa edolobheni satellite yenhloko-dolobha. Indawo yale inhlangano zokuphatha iye endaweni ekhethiwe, etholakala eduze esiteshini Kryukovo. Kakade iminyaka eyishumi yokuqala khona emzini eyakhelwe izikhungo eyisishiyagalombili emikhulu lapho yakhiwe izitshalo umshayeli abathintekayo ezihlukahlukene intuthuko, kuhlanganise emkhakheni Microelectronics.

Ukuthuthukiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi yenuzi

Phakathi Russian emadolobheni isayensi, kukhona labo abenza umsebenzi ucwaningo, kanye ziphathelene isicelo baye asethuthukile ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali enuzi kanye physics. Indawo ekhethekile kulolu hlu imizi yama-athomu eziyishumi. Ngaleso sikhathi, amadolobha zadalwa lapho umuntu eba-USSR iphrojekthi le-athomu. I isiqalo sendalo kweminye yale mizi isayensi sabekwa ngo-1943 Yingaleso sikhathi eMoscow uvele Laboratory №2, ekubhekaneni nezinkinga ekwakheni izikhali zenuzi. Namuhla iyisikhungo ezinkulu kakhulu-ngokwesayensi ngokuthi "Kurchatov Institute".

Esikhathini esizayo, sokuthuthukisa laboratory kwakudinga ukudalwa yenombolo yezinhlangano etholakala ezindaweni ezinkulu lapho kungenzeka ukuba bathole ucwaningo kanye ukukhiqizwa nokuhlolwa izindawo. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga esakhiwe amabhizinisi eziyishumi. Bonke babethenga kude ezindaweni ezinabantu, kanye imigwaqo kanye kwezitimela (kude "emehlweni prying").

Umuzi odume kakhulu isayensi womkhakha wesayensi yenuzi eRussia - Sarov. Itholakala engxenyeni European yezwe, endaweni elalihlala esiqiwini laseMordovia. Isibalo izakhamizi abahlala kuwo - izinkulungwane zabantu 84,9 .. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, emzini isayensi wazala amagama ezifana Yasnogorsk kanye ezibiyele, Arzamas-75 futhi Arzamas-16. Kwakungenxa nje ngo-1994, emva inhlolovo, edolobheni waziwa ngokuthi: Sarov.

Lunye komuzi isayensi Russia kuyinto physics yenuzi? Ngaphandle okungenhla kuwufanele ekhombe ngaphesheya komfula. Liphinde ezitholakala engxenyeni European yezwe, ensimini ka the Penza esifundeni.

Kukhona imizi emihlanu-athomu esifundeni esise-Ural. It Snezhinsk, Ozersk futhi Trehgornyi ise Chelyabinsk esifundeni, futhi Novouralsk futhi Ihlathi - ku Sverdlovsk esifundeni. imizi emithathu, onguchwepheshe ucwaningo zenuzi, elise eSiberia. It Seversk ku saseTomsk esifundeni, Zelenogorsk futhi Zheleznogorsk - ku-Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Enye okukhethekile edolobheni isayensi Russia kuyinto physics yenuzi? Ngaphandle okungenhla imizi eyishumi yama-athomu ohlwini yalemitimba zihlanganisa imizi eyisishiyagalombili endaweni okuyizinto izikhungo ezinkulu ucwaningo kule siqondiso. Phakathi kwabo, laseDimitrovgrad futhi Gatchina, Obninsk futhi Dubna, Protvino, Troitsk, nabanye.

Elinye lamadolobha kulolu hlu Ngithanda ukugqamisa ikakhulukazi. It Obninsk - isayensi idolobha lokuqala eRussia, wathola isimo esiphakeme kangaka. It iseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Moscow, kwelinye namashumi amabili ukusuka enhlokodolobha, futhi namuhla linabantu izinkulungwane zabantu 107,8.

Obninsk Laqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1946, lapho ngesisekelo boarding school kanye lezintandane, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe isikhungo imfihlo "B". Ucwaningo emkhakheni wesayensi yenuzi nje kuphela Soviet, kodwa futhi ochwepheshe German ababemenyelwe Laboratory yesivumelwano. Kamuva, Physics and Power Engineering e Obninsk yadalwa, futhi ngo-1954 waqala umsebenzi walo lapha kuqala amandla enuzi emhlabeni.

Isixazululo lwezindaba wezolimo

Isayensi City of lunye wezolimo eRussia - idolobha Michurinsk. Lokhu isimo kunikezwa nemizana ise Tambov esifundeni, ukhishwa esanda kutholakala - 11. 4. 2003, ngesisekelo Isinqumo kaMongameli. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we efanayo sivunyiwe futhi iziqondiso eziyisisekelo, okumele bafeze imisebenzi yayo kuphela Russian isayensi emzini lunye wezolimo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

- ucwaningo zizalela nofuzo, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, i-biotechnology, imvelo imifino, berry futhi izithelo izitshalo, kanye nezindlela oluhlukanisa ukukhiqiza, ukuzinza kanye kuqiniswa agroehkosistem;
- ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe imvelo zokuhlola hhayi kuphela ukukhiqizwa, kodwa futhi zokuthutha, ukucubungula nesilondoloze ezihlukahlukene izithelo nemifino;
- emisha yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlolwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa zokuhlola emkhakheni amathuluzi, kanye ukukhiqizwa, imvelo imikhiqizo emisha ukudla;
- abaqeqeshwayo isakhiwo ukusebenza kuzo zonke izindawo kwezolimo.