Izicubu ezisabekayo: isakhiwo nomsebenzi. Izici zezicubu zomzimba. Izinhlobo zezicubu zesisindo

Sivame ukwesaba, ukuhlunga njalo ulwazi olungenayo, ukusabela ezweni langaphandle nokuzama ukulalela umzimba wethu, futhi kuzo zonke lezi amangqamuzana ezimangalisayo zisisiza. Ziwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ende, umphumela womsebenzi wemvelo kuyo yonke intuthuko yezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Asikwazi ukusho ukuthi uhlelo lwethu lokubona, ukuhlaziywa nokuphendula lungcono. Kodwa sikude kakhulu nezilwane. Ukuze uqonde indlela uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kangaka olusebenza ngayo, kubaluleke kakhulu hhayi kuphela kubachwepheshe - biologicalists kanye nodokotela. Futhi lo muntu angase abe nesithakazelo kumsebenzi womunye umuntu.

Ulwazi olukulesi sihloko luyatholakala kuwo wonke umuntu futhi aluzuzi nje kuphela ulwazi, ngoba ukuqonda umzimba wakho kuyisihluthulelo sokuziqonda.

Uyini umthwalo wakhe?

Izicubu zesisindo somuntu zihlukaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene nezakhiwo zokusebenza ze-neurons kanye nokucaciswa kokusebenzisana kwazo. Phela, ubuchopho bethu yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Futhi ukulawula ukuziphatha kwethu, imizwelo nokucabanga, sidinga inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Izicubu ezisabekayo, isakhiwo nemisebenzi yayo enqunywe yinhlanganisela ye-neurons - amaseli nezinqubo - futhi inqume umsebenzi obalulekile ojwayelekile womzimba, okokuqala, uqinisekisa umsebenzi odidiyelwe wezo zonke izinhlaka zomzimba. Okwesibili, ixhuma umzimba ngendawo yangaphandle futhi inikeza ukusabela okuguquguqukayo ekushintsheni kwayo. Okwesithathu, ilawula ukuqubutha komzimba ngaphansi kwezimo ezishintshayo. Zonke izinhlobo zezicubu zomzimba ziyingxenye ebonakalayo ye-psyche: izinhlelo zokubonisa - inkulumo nokucabanga, izici zokuziphatha emphakathini. Abanye ososayensi baye bacabanga ngokuthi umuntu uye wahlakulela ingqondo yakhe, okwakufanele "anikele" ngamakhono amaningi ezilwane. Isibonelo, asinaso amehlo abukhali nokuzwa, iziphi izilwane eziziqhayisa ngazo.

Izicubu ezisabekayo, isakhiwo nemisebenzi yayo esekelwe ekudluliseni kwegesi kanye namakhemikhali, inezimo ezicacile zendawo. Ngokungafani nama-humoral, lolu hlelo lwenziwa ngokushesha.

Ukuthunyelwa kwamancane amancane

Amaseli wezicubu zezinzwa - ama-neurons - amayunithi asebenzayo-asebenzayo wesimiso sezinzwa. Ingqamuzana ye-neuron ibonakala ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokwanda okwenziwe ukusebenza. Isakhiwo se-neuron sinomzimba we-eukaryotic (soma), ububanzi bawo buyi-3-100 microns kanye namahlumela. I-neuron soma iqukethe i-nucleus ne-nucleolus ene-biosynthesis zixhobo ezenza ama-enzyme nezinto ezivela emisebenzini ekhethekile ye-neurons. Lezi zitshalo eziphethwe ngokuzimele zomzimba zikaNissl ze-endoplasmic reticulum, kanye namadivayisi asethuthukile aseGolgi.

Imisebenzi yesikhungo semisipha ingenziwa ngokuqhubekayo, ngenxa yobuningi emzimbeni we "iziteshi zamandla" ezikhiqiza i-ATP, i-chondrasome. I-cytoskeleton, emele ama-neurofilaments nama-microtubules, idlala indima ewusizo. Enkambisweni yokulahlekelwa kwezakhiwo ze-membrane, i-pigment lipofuscin ihlanganiswa, inani lalo elikhula ne-neuron. E-stem neurons, kuhlanganiswa i-melatonin ye-pigment. I-nucleolus iqukethe amaprotheni ne-RNA, i-nucleus ye-DNA. I-ontogenesis ye-nucleolus ne-basophils inquma ukuziphatha okuyisisekelo kwabantu, ngoba kuxhomeke emisebenzini kanye nemvamisa yabathintana nabo. Izicubu zomzimba zisho i-main unit unit - i-neuron, nakuba kunezinye izinhlobo zamathisisi abasizayo.

Izici zesakhiwo samangqamuzana ezinzwa

I-nucleus ye-neuron ye-membrane ine-pores lapho izidakamizwa zingena khona bese zihamba. Ngenxa yezinsiza ezifuywayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwenzeka, okubangela ukumiswa nokuvama kokuxhumana. Olunye umsebenzi we-nucleus ukulawula amaprotheni synthesis. Amaseli we-nerve aphelile awakwazi ukwahlukanisa i-mitosis, futhi imikhiqizo esebenzayo yokukhiqiza i-neuron kufanele iqiniseke ukuthi isebenze futhi i-homeostasis kulo lonke umjikelezo wokuphila. Ukufakwa kwezingxenye ezimele futhi ezilahlekile kungenziwa kuphela nge-intracellularly. Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile. Esikhathini se-epithelium se-analyzer esicacile, ezinye izilwane zezilwane ezinamandla zikwazi ukwehlukana.

Amangqamuzana omzimba afakwa ngokubukeka ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nobubunjwa. Ama-neurons anezinkulumo ezingavamile ngenxa yezinqubo, ngokuvamile eziningi futhi ezengeziwe. Laba abaqhubi abaphilayo ababonakaliso kagesi, okuyinto ama-arcs angaguquki abhalwa ngayo. Izicubu ezisabekayo, isakhiwo nemisebenzi yayo kuxhomeke kumaseli ahlukaniswe kakhulu, indima okumele ikwazi ukuqonda ulwazi lwezinzwa, ukuyikhokhisa ngokusebenzisa imiqondo kagesi nokudluliselwa kwamanye amaseli ahlukanisiwe, ikwazi ukunikeza impendulo. Sekusondele ngokushesha. Kodwa ezinye izinto, kuhlanganise nophuzo, ziphuza kakhulu.

Mayelana nama-axons

Zonke izinhlobo zezinsizi zomsebenzi wezinzwa ngokuhlanganyela ngqo kwamahlumela-ama-dendrites nama-axon. I-axon ihunyushwe kusuka esiGrekini njenge "axis". Lena inqubo ehlanganisiwe eyenza ukukhathazeka kusuka emzimbeni kuya kwezinye izinqubo ze-neurons. Ithimba le-axon linamagatsha amaningi, ngalinye likwazi ukusebenzisana ne-5000 neurons bese lihlanganisa oxhumana nabo abangaba ngu-10 000.

I-locus ye-catfish, lapho amagatsha e-axon, ebizwa ngokuthi i-axon mound. Ihlanganisa i-axon ephakathi kwayo ayikho i-reticulum enamandla yokugcina i-endoplasmic, i-RNA neyinkimbinkimbi ye-enzymatic.

Okuncane mayelana nama-dendrites

Leli gama lamaseli lisho "isihlahla". Njengamagatsha, kusukela ku-soma zikhula kancane futhi zenze izinqubo ezinamandla. Bathola izimpawu futhi bakhonze njenge-loci lapho i-synapses yenzeka khona. Ama-dendrites ngosizo lwezinqubo ze-lateral - izinhlanzi - ukwandisa indawo futhi, ngokufanayo, oxhumana nabo. Ama-dendrites ngaphandle kwezingqinamba, ama-axons azungezwe ngamagundane e-myelin. I-Myelin inemvelo, futhi umphumela wayo ufana nezakhiwo zokuqapha zepulasitiki noma ukugqoka i-raber yamagesi kagesi. Iphuzu lokuzwakalisa isizukulwane - i-axon hillock - livela ekupheleni kokuhamba kwe-axon kusuka kusikoma endaweni ye-trigger.

Indaba emhlophe yezindlela ezikhuphuka futhi zehla emgodleni womgogodla futhi ubuchopho buba ama-axon lapho kuqhutshwa khona izinzwa zesisindo, okwenza umsebenzi oqhubayo-ukudluliselwa kwesisindo somzimba. Izimpawu zomgudu zithunyelwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zobuchopho nomgogodla, okwenza uxhumano phakathi kwabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izitho eziphezulu zingaxhunyaniswa nama-receptors. Indaba ebomvu yenza i-cortex yobuchopho. Izikhungo zokucubungula kokuzalwa (ukuhlambalaza, ukukhwehlela) kanye nezikhungo zemifino yezinto ezibucayi zesisu, ukugcoba, ukuhlukumeza kutholakala emgodini ongasemgogodini. Ukufakwa kwe-neurons, imizimba kanye ne-motor dendrites benza umsebenzi we-reflex, owenza ukusabela kwezimoto.

Izici zezinyosi zesisindo zithathwa yinani lezinqubo. I-neurons yi-unipolar, i-pipoudo-unipolar, i-bipolar. Izicubu zomzimba zesibindi aziqukethe ama-unipolar ngenqubo eyodwa ye-neurons. Nge-multipolar - inqwaba yamathambo e-dendritic. Ukuhlanganisa okunjalo akuthinti ijubane lesignali.

Amaseli ahlukene - imisebenzi ehlukile

Imisebenzi yamaseli e-Nerve yenziwa ngamaqembu ahlukene we-neurons. Ngokukhethekile kwi-arc ye-reflex, i-neurons ethintekayo noma ebucayi eyenza izimpikiswano ezivela ezithombeni nasesikhumba kuya ebuchosheni zihlukile.

Ukufaka ama-neurons, noma ama-associative, yiqembu lokushintsha noma ukubopha ama-neurons ahlaziye futhi ayenze isinqumo, enza imisebenzi yeseli yesisindo.

Ama-neurons asebenzayo, noma ama-sensory, athatha ulwazi mayelana nokuzwa - izimo ezivela esikhumbeni nasezikhaleni zangaphakathi ebuchosheni.

I-neurons ephumelelayo, i-effector, noma i-motor, impulses yokuziphatha - "imiyalo" esuka ebuchosheni nomgogodla kuzo zonke izitho zokusebenza.

Izici zezicubu ze-neural yizona ze-neurons ezenza umsebenzi obanzi nezinhlobonhlobo emzimbeni, ngakho-ke umsebenzi wokuqala wansuku zonke - ukuhlinzeka ukudla, ukususa imikhiqizo yokubola, umsebenzi wokuzivikela unikezwa ngamaseli azayo we-neuroglia noma amaseli ayisisekelo e-Schwann.

Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwamangqamuzana wesisindo

Emangqamuzaneni we-neural tube ne-ganglionic plate, kunomqondo ohlukanisa izici zamathambo ezinzwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ezinkulu ziba neuroblasts neurocytes. Amaseli amancane (spongioblast) akhulisi futhi abe ama-gliocytes. Izicubu ezisabekayo, izinhlobo zezicubu ezakhiwa nge-neurons, zinezidingo eziyisisekelo nezisizayo. Amaseli asizayo ("gliocytes") anesakhiwo esikhethekile nemisebenzi. Uhlelo lwesimiso esiyinhloko luboniswa yizinhlobo ezilandelayo zama-gliocytes: ependymocytes, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes; I-peripheral - glycocyte ganglia, ama-gliocytes okugcina kanye nama-neurolemocytes - amangqamuzana e-Schwann. Ama-ependymocytes afaka imigodi ye-ventricles yobuchopho nomgogodla womgogodla bese efaka umthamo we-cerebrospinal fluid. Izinhlobo zezicubu zesisindo - ama-astrocyte afane nezinkanyezi amafomu we-grey nomhlophe. Izakhiwo zezicubu zezinzwa - i-astrocytes kanye nekhanda layo le-gliosis lifaka isandla ekusungulweni kwenkinga yegazi-yobuchopho: phakathi kwezicubu ezixhumeneyo nezesabekayo, ukudlula kwemingcele nokusebenza.

Ukuguquka kwezicubu

Impahla eyinhloko yesimo esiphilayo iwukucasula noma ukuzwela. Uhlobo lwezincubu zesifo lusekelwe esimweni se-phylogenetic yesilwane futhi luhluke ekuhlukeni kwalo okubanzi, kube nzima nakakhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo. Zonke izidalwa zidinga imingcele ethile yokuxhumanisa kwangaphakathi kanye nomthethonqubo, ukuxhumana okufanele phakathi kokugqugquzelwa kwe-homeostasis kanye nesimo somzimba. Izicubu zezilwane ezinamahloni, ikakhulukazi ama-multicellular, okwakhiwa kwawo nemisebenzi eyenziwa i-aromorphosis, ikhuthaza ukuqhubeka nokulwa emzabalazweni wokuphila. Ama-hydroids aqalayo amelelwa yi-stellate, amangqamuzana omzimba ahlakazekile kuwo wonke umzimba futhi axhunywe yizinqubo ezincane ezihamba phakathi. Loluhlobo lwezinyosi zesibindi lubizwa ngokuthi ludlulela.

Isistimu yezinzwa ze-flat and round round worm, i-staircase type (orthogon) iqukethe ubuchopho obuhlanganisiwe be-ganglia - ukuhlanganiswa kwamangqamuzana omgogodla kanye nezigxobo zesikhathi eside ezishiya kuzo, ezixhunywe yizintambo ezihamba phambili. Emasongweni avela ku-ganglion e-okolothriangular ehlanganiswe yizintambo, i-neural ventral chain ihamba, esigabeni ngasinye lapho kukhona khona ama-node amabili ahlangene ahlangene nanjengama-fibre nerve. Kwezinye izifo ezinamandla, i-nerve ganglia igxile ekubunjweni kobuchopho. I-instincts kanye nokuma kwesikhala ema-arthropods kunqunywe yi-cephalization yama-ganglions we-brain brain, i-ring nerve chain ne-neural chain neural.

Ezingxenyeni, izicubu zezinzwa, izinhlobo zezicubu ezibizwa ngokuqinile, ziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isakhiwo esinjalo siqondakala ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kuvela izingqimba ezihlukene futhi zikhona ohlangothini lwesigxathu somzimba ngesimo se-neural tube, umgogodla u-neurocele. Ama-vertbrates ahlukanisa nobuchopho nomgogodla. Uma ubuchopho bwakhiwa ekugcineni kwe-tube, ifomu le-swellings. Uma uhlelo lwezinzwa ludlala indima ebophezelayo ohlelweni oluphansi lwezintambo eziningi, ulwazi olulondoloziwe olulondoloziwe lwezilwane, lukhipha uma kunesidingo, futhi luhlinzeke ngokucubungula nokuhlanganiswa.

Ezilwaneni ezifuywayo, lezi zikhukhula ze-cerebral ziphakamisa izingxenye eziyinhloko zobuchopho. Futhi lonke leli tube lidala intambo yomgogodla. Izicubu ezisabekayo, isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwayo ezilwaneni ezifuywayo eziphakeme, zenze izinguquko ezinkulu. Lokhu kuyithuthuka okuqhubekayo kwe-cortex ye-cerebral kanye nazo zonke izingxenye zesimiso sezinzwa ezibangelwa ukuvumelanisa okunamandla nezimo zemvelo, kanye nokulawulwa kwe-homeostasis.

Isikhungo nesiphambano

Iminyango yesimiso sezinzwa ihlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nesakhiwo sokusebenza nesasomzimba. Isakhiwo se-anatomiki sifana ne-toponymy, lapho isimiso sezinzwa esisemkhatsini kanye ne-peripheral sodwa. Isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko sihlanganisa ubuchopho nomgogodla, futhi isimiso sezinzwa se-peripheral simelelwa yizinzwa, ama-node kanye ne-termini. Amagundane amelelwe ngamaqoqo ezinqubo ngaphandle kwesistimu yenzwa yomphakathi, ehlanganiswe nesigxobo se-myelin esivamile, nezibonakaliso zikagesi. Ama-dendrites we-neurons azwelayo enza ama-sensitive, izinsimbi ezihamba ngamagesi.

Ubuningi bezinqubo ezide nezincane kufaka imizwa exutshwe. Ukuqoqa nokugxila, izidumbu ze-neurons zakha ama-node ahamba ngaphesheya kwesistimu yenzwa yomphakathi. Ukuphela kwezidakamizwa kuhlukaniswe zibe yi-receptor ne-effector. Ama-dendrites ngamagatsha okugcina ashintshe ukucasuka zibe izimpawu kagesi. Ukuphela kokuphela kwe-axons - ezingxenyeni zokusebenza, ama-muscle fibers, ama-glands. Ukuhlukaniswa ngomsebenzi kusho ukuthi ukwahlukana kwesistimu yezinzwa ku-somatic nokuzimela.

Silawula okuthile, kodwa kukhona okungaphezu kokulawula kwethu

Izakhiwo zezincubu zezinzwa zichazwa ukuthi isimiso se-somatic se- smatic sithinta ukuthanda komuntu, singasondeli umsebenzi wesistimu yokusekela. Izikhungo zamasondo zikhona ku-cortex ye-cerebral. Ukuzimela, okubizwa nangokuthi i-vegetative, akuxhomeki entandweni yomuntu. Ngokwezicelo zabo siqu, akunakwenzeka ukusheshisa noma ukunciphisa inhliziyo noma ukunyakaza kwamathumbu emathunjini. Njengoba indawo yezikhungo ezizimelayo i-hypothalamus, isimiso sezinzwa sokuzilawula silawula umsebenzi wenhliziyo nezitsha, izixhobo zokugcina i-endocrine, nezitho zomzimba.

Izitho zomzimba, isithombe ongabona ngenhla, sakha izingxenye zentuthuko kanye ne-parasympathetic yesimiso sezinzwa ze-vegetative, esivumela ukuba sibe njengabaphikisi, sibe nomthelela ohlukile. Ukuzijabulisa emzimbeni owodwa kubangela izinqubo zokuvimbela kwesinye. Isibonelo, i-neurons enozwela yenza ukunciphisa okuqinile nokuvame kwamakamelo enhliziyo, ukunciphisa imithwalo yegazi, ukuqubuka kwengcindezi yomzimba, ngoba i-norepinephrine ifihliwe. I-parasympathetic, ukukhulula i-acetylcholine, inomthelela ekunciphiseni izinhliziyo zenhliziyo, ukwandisa ukukhanya kwe-arteries, nokunciphisa ukucindezela. Ukulinganisa la maqembu abalamuleli kuvumelana nesigqi senhliziyo.

Isistimu yomzwelo enozwela yenza ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka okukhulu ngesikhathi sokwesaba noma ukucindezeleka. Izimpawu zenzeka endaweni ye-vertebrae ye-thoracic ne-lumbar. Isistimu ye-parasympathetic ifaka phakathi kokuphumula nokugaya ukudla, ngesikhathi sokulala. Izidumbu ze-neurons zikhona esiqwini nase-sacrum.

Ngemva kokufunda ngokuningiliziwe izici zamaseli e-Purkinje, afane nefomu elenziwe nge-pear inqwaba ye-branching dendrites, umuntu angabona indlela impulse idluliselwa ngayo futhi ivule indlela yezigaba ezilandelanayo zenqubo.