Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: Biography, izithombe kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

wamavukelambuso owaziwa Russian Zinovev UGrigory (wahlala 1883-1936) wayebuye abe sikahulumeni amaSoviet nasemakamu sibalo zezombusazwe. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, igama lakhe langempela kwaba Radomyslsky Ovsey kaGereshoni (kaGereshoni Yevsei) Aronovich; eminye imithombo esifanayo, igama lakhe Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (umama). Biography emfushane Grigoriya Zinoveva yaba kuncike ukubuyekeza kwethu.

Ebuntwaneni Nomkhaya

Wazalwa Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (kafushane mayelana nomuntu izofunda isihloko) ngo-1883, 11 (23) September Elisavetgrad sifundazwe Kherson (Kropyvnytskyi yesimanje). Kusukela ngo-1924, edolobheni lakubo kweyishumi owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi Zinoviev. Uyise u-Aroni Radomyslsky, eyayinawo epulazini avalele, wamnika imfundo eyisisekelo.

Iminyaka 14, Zinoviev waphoqeleka ukuba asebenze wokuba umabhalane futhi unikeza izifundo, njengoba umndeni wakhe baphela amandla ngenxa yakwaMidiyani.

inkosikazi yokuqala Gregory kwaba uchwepheshe wamavukelambuso Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, eyaziwa ngaphansi kwegama Olga. Wayengumngane ingxenye RSDLP, esikhundleni okwesikhashana Commissioner of Wezangaphakathi yeNyakatho Region, yena uboshiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe.

unkosikazi Landelayo Lilina Zinoviev kwaba Zlata Ionovna, eyaziwa ngaphansi mbumbulu Zina Levin. Futhi nengxenye RSDLP wasebenza Petrograd Soviet, yena wabambisana iphephandaba "Pravda" futhi "Inkanyezi". Zinoviev wabeletha indodana - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-29, waboshwa futhi isigwebo sokufa ngokungafanele.

Radomyslsky unkosikazi Okwesithathu baba Evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. Wachitha esekudingisweni futhi ejele ngenxa eminyakeni engu-20 yokuphila kwakhe.

Ukhomba kuvisisa wamavukelambuso

Eminyakeni 18 (1901), Zinoviev waba ilungu RSDLP futhi waqala iqhaza ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso. Wahlela iziteleka abasebenzi 'kuyi-Nguqulo eRussia, yena washushiswa amaphoyisa. Ukugwema ushushiso 1902 Radomyslsky waya Berlin, bese kwathi phakathi nomnyaka wathuthela Paris futhi Bern. Ngo-1903, kwaba khona ngaphambi kokuba ahlangane no-Lenin, futhi kamuva kakhulu eduze kwakhe waqala ujamele izinhlangano sezenhlalo European.

Ngo-1903, UGrigory Zinoviev, isithombe ungabona esihlokweni, wahlanganyela amaBolshevik futhi ngesikhathi II iCongress of the RSDLP asekelwe Lenin. Ngawo lowo nyaka, izinguquko uye waphindela e-Ukraine, lapho ehola inkulumo-ze asebenzayo.

Ngemva konyaka, ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo Radomyslsky futhi balifulathela lelo zwe, abuyele Berne. Wabe eseqala ukufunda, ukubhalisa University e-Faculty of Chemistry, kodwa kamuva ngonyaka kuphazamisekile izifundo zakhe ukuze ubambe iqhaza inguquko (1905-1907). ERussia, kwathiwa elinde ubulungu in the Petersburg gorkomitete RSDLP. iziqubu okusha lokugula ophoqelelwe Zinoviev futhi ukuya Bern, kodwa ukufunda e-Faculty. Entwasahlobo ka-1906 wabuyela Petersburg, iwela CC (amavoti amaningi wathola Lenin kuphela) umhleli iqala umsebenzi emaphephandabeni "Phambili" futhi "Social Democrat" (ukushicilelwa nangaphansi komhlaba). Ukuze imisebenzi yakhe uwela kokuboshwa ngo-1908, ngenxa yokugula gidi waya Austrian Galicia ne Lenin ngezinyanga ezintathu.

Kube Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich, ogama biography ugcwele usizi, wathola iqembu kwamaBolshevik imali eningi ngokusebenzisa owenza abadumile Parvus. amaphoyisa Austrian babekholelwa ukuthi Zinoviev waqoqa intelligence French.

revolution

Ngo-April 1917, Zinoviev nomkakhe wesibili Zlata Lili, indodana yabo uStefanu, inkosikazi yokuqala Sarah Ravich Lenin ebuyela eRussia ngo isitimela uphawu. Emva kwezinsuku Julayi Lenin wafihla Radomyslsky futhi imidlalo ku echibini zisuka Yesikhashana Uhulumeni (manje kukhona wakha isikhumbuzo minyaka yonke samanje itende). Kusolakala lobunhloli nokubambisana-Austria-Hungary.

Ngo-October 1917, kwaba umhlangano avaliwe KwamaBolshevik Central Committee, lapho Zinoviev futhi Lev Kamenev Sathi nisebancane lokuketula Uhulumeni Yesikhashana futhi ukuthi awavumelani nokubekelwa isinqumo kukaLenin. ukusebenza kwabo "Ukuphila okusha '(Mensheviks) cishe okwabenza bagcina bexoshiwe ezisuka, kodwa wanquma nje ningabenqabeli futhi enze izinto egameni layo.

Lapho amaBolshevik futhi SRS ashaqe amandla Petrograd, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym futhi Viktorom Noginym wakhuthaza ukuxoxisana yokunivumela Vizhelem futhi isicelo sakhe ukuze uhlangane ku uhulumeni party eyodwa sezenhlalo. Lenin futhi Trotsky imise izingxoxo, futhi ngo-November 4, lokhu quartet wajoyina nabo uVladimir Milyutin babevela iKomiti Central. Lenin ekuphenduleni wamemezela kubo ababehlubukele - lena ke nakuphathwa kule itestamente yakhe yezombusazwe.

impi yombango

Ekupheleni kuka-1917, Zinoviev sivunyelwa ukuba sibuyele kwezombusazwe. Phakathi Yombango wakhonza njengombonisi usihlalo we komasipala Petrograd eSoviet Union Sovnarkorma Northern Region, le wamavukelambuso Petrograd Wezokuvikela.

Ukufinyelela amandla aphelele zonakaliswe Zinoviev. Lapho nxazonke babelamba, wahlela ukuba amadili bakhe abaseduze nenhle. On isinyathelo sakhe, onxiwankulu kanye izakhi unearned bancishwa isinkwa amakhadi. Nakuba amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu awela kulesi sigaba. Bona ngokoqobo abangu awusona indlala.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (biography iDemo othulwe ukunakwa kwakho kulesi sihloko) ekuqaleni wayenqaba "ukwesaba abomvu" ngemva umzamo ku Lenin kanye kokubulawa Volodarsky futhi Uritsky, ngoba ngalo kakhulu wagxeka Lenin. Efaka ngokumelene ukudluliselwa inhlokodolobha eMoscow.

Zinoviev Lenin ngasibuyisela indawo, usekela Brest-Litovsk Treaty, futhi ngokushesha waphindiselwa ezinhlwini leKomiti Central ne ubulungu in the Politburo entsha. Wamphathisa okuthunyelwe kanye Comintern Executive Usihlalo, lapho uSathane wasungula umqondo othi "wobushiqela nomphakathi".

Zinoviev wathatha ingxenye ekuhleleni "Terror Red" ka nezazi Petrograd, yena wethiwa okuyiwona kubo "Grishka Third" (uma ziqhathaniswa Otrepyev futhi Rasputin).

Ngaphansi kobuholi inani labantu Petrograd Zinoviev idolobha kwehla abantu abangaphezu kuka-4 million. Iningi lazo nje bashiya umuzi, kodwa ingxenye enkulu wafa indlala nokubulawa. Umthelela nophethiloli crisis - ebusika emzini babengaxoxi nhlobo ukungenisa nophethiloli.

Kukholakala ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo babe Zinoviev zokunciphisa "izakhi non-yesigaba sabasebenzi."

Nakuba amakhulu abantu badutshulwe, Zinoviev ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu abangu okukhulu kakhulu zokuhaha. Kukholakala ukuthi kwathiwa wabizela yilo yithemba, ukwesaba ukufa inguquko.

Kusukela ngo-1921, Zinoviev kwaba ilungu Politburo futhi ihlose izikhundla eziholela. Anyusiwe ngesikhathi ifa kukaLenin, wanyathelisa izincwadi eziningi - imisebenzi yakhe eqoqwe waqala ukunyathelisa.

Zinoviev wahileleka kakhulu ukushushiswa abefundisi bama-Orthodox, lapho amaBolshevik ashaqe isonto amagugu mass. Ngo Petrograd, yena wabe esebalekela, lidlule kwesivivinyo, okuyinto isigwebo sentambo abapristi 10, kuhlanganise Archimandrite uSergiyu futhi kamuva abagcotshwa njengoba ukholo saint Metropolitan Benjamin.

Zinoviev ezimpini ukuvelela Stalin, bethonywe nokuqokwa kwakhe Jikelele RCP ngo-1923 nguNobhala. Wakwenza lokhu ayiveli uzwela siqu, futhi ukuletha ekulweni Trotsky.

Ngemva kokufa kukaLenin

Ngemva kokufa Lenin contender yangempela amandla babe Trotsky futhi Zinoviev.

Ngaleyo minyaka, Zinoviev izikhundla babe nesikhathi esifushane. Wabiza ukubhubhisa abantukazana futhi ngokuphelele atshontsha ngomzana, zokuthuthukisa kwezimboni. Nguye sakubhuqa wamemezela ukuthi kubalulekile ukubhubhisa ingxenye labantu isiRashiya, njengoba bonke uqeqeshe ngendlela yabo le bahluleka amaBolshevik.

Zinoviev wazama ukuhlela revolution emhlabeni. AmaKhomanisi azama ukugumbuqela umbuso kunoma eJalimane, Hungary, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukufa kwabaningi kanye nezindleko yayenza ngokungacabangi zezimali.

Through the Comintern Zinoviev Gregory wamavukelambuso esephetha amanani crazy imali amabhange Western.

Nehlelo ubuntu

Nakuba Zinoviev wakhuza Stalin esidlangalaleni, kodwa ubuntu bakhe lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa edala ngaphambili iphuphuthe Sinemandla. emzini wakubo ayiqamba kabusha ngokuthi Zinoviev, ukuze immortalize igama lakhe. Emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu, wayaleza, izikhumbuzo kanye busts isifakiwe. Wanyathelisa lonke iqoqo imisebenzi yakhe (amavolumu 33).

ukuphikiswa entsha

Kungakapheli neminyaka engu-2 Zinoviev Kamneva melanani uStalin. Ngenxa yalokho, it is ayisekho uholwe-Executive Committee of the Comintern futhi umkhandlu wedolobha, isuselwe wokuqala kusukela Politburo, futhi ngemva konyaka beKomiti Central. Lokhu kulandelwa waxoshwa kulo Party kanye isixhumanisi.

Ngo-1928, Zinovev UGrigory, ogama umndeni futhi uye wahlupheka, waphenduka futhi wabuyiselwa kuleli qembu ngokumisa i-li Kazan University. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, imisebenzi etemibhalo lesibonwa kufanele futhi azobopha nokudingiswa, kodwa lesi sikhathi ukuze non-lwazi. Kulesi inkomba, ehumusha "Mein Kampf" ( "Ukushikashikeka Kwami") Hitler. Ngo-1933 eyakhishwa kwegazi elilinganiselwe le nguqulo (abasebenzi party wafunda).

Esikhundleni iminyaka emine ekudingisweni, ngemva konyaka Zinoviev futhi abuyiselwe kuleli qembu futhi eCentral Council. Ngesikhathi Congress party, ephenduka akhazimulise Stalin nabangane bakhe. It Zinoviev iqamba Stalin a "wayeyisazi sonke isikhathi."

Isinqumo futhi inkantolo

Ngo-December 1934, Zinoviev uye oboshiwe waphinda, kwesigwebo iminyaka engu-10 ebhadla ejele. Icala ubesizwa ekubulaweni Kirov, ngokubona mlando eziningi, leli qiniso liye ehlelwa uStalin. Ngenkathi Verhneuralsk isolator zezombusazwe, uthatha amanothi, ebhekisela Stalin kanye neziqinisekiso ukuthi ayisekho isitha, futhi ukulungele ukwenza noma yiziphi izidingo.

Stalin nabasekeli bakhe baye futhi bekholelwa kulokho umsuka Zinoviev futhi Kamenev, Basakaza amahemuhemu ukuthi ukuphikiswa bangamaJuda nezihlakaniphi.

Ngalesi sikhathi, asilandelwanga umthwalo wokuvuselelwa ngokwendalo Zinoviev, futhi ngo-1936 wadlula "inqubo ye eyishumi nesithupha", okuyinto Ahlulela nabaholi beqembu. Agasti 24 wanquma ukuba afeze ukukhishwa - isigwebo sokufa. Usuku kamuva lomusho ababulawa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sigwebo kukhanselwe ngo-1988, eqaphela yokuntuleka isinyathelo icala.

Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngesikhathi uphenyo Zinoviev wenza okufunwa ukuze ibuyisele le mali we Comintern. Waletha ingxenye lemali ukuthi umuntu laphinda akazange abe nesikhathi ukuchitha noma ukutshala. Ngemva kwalokho Stalin esaphila yena kwaba ayidingeki.

Ukufunda mayelana ukuziphatha Zinoviev ngaphambi kokubulawa, uStalin ngokwedelela wathifela phansi, ethi nezinye into emdulini ukubeka yokugcina isilungile.

Phakathi ukuboshwa Zinoviev igcinwe kwezimo ezinyantisayo. Ukushisa ekamelweni esiphezulu Ukushisa kuhlanganisiwe. Izinkinga nezinso isibindi, nemibandela enjalo iye yaletha iziboshwa ukuhlaselwa esindayo - kusukela ubuhlungu wayethethelela kweqa phansi yayincenga idluliselwe esibhedlela. Kunalokho, ngosizo oludingekayo ukuze odokotela wamnika izidakamizwa, kwandzisa isifo.

I nezimo ezishaqisayo zasemajele zabathinta ngemva nje ngokushiya impilo enethezekile futhi evikelekile Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev yaphuka izinyembezi wancenga Stalin yokuqeda inkantolo.

Stalin wathembisa Zinoviev futhi Kamenev ziphile nemikhaya yawo, uma uvumelana inkantolo nge konke esasimangalelwe ngakho futhi nixoxe ezinye amaBolshevik ubudala. Lokhu farce ecaleni owawuse, kodwa akazange ukusindisa ipilo iziboshwa.

ukufa

Zinoviev wadutshulwa ngobusuku Agasti 26, 1936 Kwasekusithi ECCU isakhiwo (eMoscow). ofakazi ukubulawa wakhumbula ukuthi Zinoviev ekhothamela wacela umusa, ukuqabulana amabhuzu wesahlulelo, kodwa ekugcineni wayengeke akwazi ngisho nokuthola ukuhamba, ngakho zokugcina amamitha ambalwa nje udonse. Ngaphambi kokubulawa, waqala ukufunda imithandazo ngesiHebheru lwakubo. Kamenev, wagwetshwa kanye naye, eyincenga ukuba ayeke yoca ukufa okulesithunzi. Kukhona enye inguqulo, owawuthi ekwenzeni Zinoviev kwadingeka ukuba akhishwe ohlakeni.

Ngemva nokuvuselelwa Zinoviev ngo-1988, eminyakeni embalwa indumiso yakhe njengoba ngaphandle wecala obukhulu lapho repressions kaStalin.

ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu izihlobo

Ingcindezelo wahlupheka zonke nabafazi abathathu Zinoviev. unkosikazi Okokuqala Sarah Ravich waboshwa kathathu, ekugcineni avuselelwa futhi ukhululeka yokugula okunzima iminyaka emithathu nje ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-1954.

unkosikazi wesibili Zlata Liling Kuboshwe kabili futhi bathunjwe, kodwa ngokungafani indodana yakhe, yena wasinda kanjalo ekufeni. indodana Zinoviev wafa ngonyaka olandelayo ke. Ngemva ekukhishweni Gregory kwimitapo ashaqa nazo zonke umsebenzi Lili (ikakhulukazi lusebenza ku imfundo social nomshikashika).

unkosikazi Okwesithathu Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman Kuboshwe engaba amashumi amabili. Bakhipha kuphela ngo-1954 futhi avuselelwa ekhulwini elilandelayo - ngo-2006. Mayelana nomyeni wakhe ngendlela azizwa wabhala izinkumbulo, kodwa ukushicilela izihlobo zabo uvinjelwe.

cinema

ukubaluleka Zinoviev sika ku izenzakalo ezingokomlando zezombusazwe ngokuphindaphindiwe njengoba kubonakala kula amafilimu. Le filimu lokuqala kwaba "Okthoba" - ukudalwa oyisimungulu Eisenstein. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Zinoviev kudlalwa Apfelbaum - umfowabo. Phakathi kweminye amafilimu eyaziwa "incwadi eluhlaza ivele", "Ezinsukwini Okthoba", "Red", "Izinsimbi Red", "Lenin. Izincwajana zemininingwane "," UStalin wathambisa isandla "," Ngaphansi Isibonakaliso Sokuba Scorpio "futhi uchungechunge TV" Yesenin ".

umbono abantu besikhathi

Biography emfushane Grigoriya Zinoveva, ngandlela-thile, nesithakazelo kubantu besikhathi eziningi. Uyini umbono phakathi umphakathi ngale ndoda? Empeleni abantu besikhathi awazange kahle noma akha against Zinoviev. Baqaphela ukuhlakanipha kwakhe nobuntu, kodwa futhi waphawula ukuthi kuyinto igwala ehloniphekile futhi oceba.

Vala Zinoviev abantu babethi alinaso ukuchayeka, kuyize ngokweqile kanye ukuvelela, kugujwa imikhuba ahlukile.

Party comrades Zinoviev bagxekwa kokumphoxa empikiswaneni kanye nokuzikhethela ongenazimiso izindlela impumelelo yomuntu siqu kanye nezombusazwe.

Phakathi indlala Petrograd, Zinoviev etafuleni alethwe ezihlukahlukene izibiliboco. Lathi imikhuba iphilile nesizotha Gregory prerevolutionary ladlondlobala ukuzidla "Rascals okhuluphele" ngubani isibambo imali nabantu abalambile.

Esikhathini Umlando wabantu ababephila Zinoviev abe izwi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu Leningrad enkolweni zobuntu bakhe.