Abashona Cosmonauts: amagama, Umlandvomphilo

Umlando ukuhlola umkhathi, ngeshwa, ugcwele hhayi kuphela kuyanda meteoric, kodwa ukuwa esabekayo. osomkhathi Dead, hhayi ephakeme noma imicibisholo evuthayo unexploded, ingoti - konke lokhu futhi ifa lethu, bese uyakhohlwa - ke isusa umlando wawo onke labo uyaqaphela yini ukuphila kwakhe engozini ngenxa intuthuko, isayensi kanye nekusasa elingcono. Kumayelana namaqhawe bawa ye-USSR Space sixoxa kulesi sihloko.

Isikhala eU.SSR

Kuze spaceflight kwekhulu lama-20 ethulwa okuthile ngempela kumnandi. Kodwa kakade ngo-1903, uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky ukubeka phambili umbono ezindizayo emkhathini kwi rocket. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke abasafufusa ohlelweni isikhala kwindlela siyazi ukuthi namuhla.

ESoviet Union ngo-1933, ngokusekelwe Keldysh Research Center (RNII) lapho kutadishwa jet ngamandla. Futhi ngo-1946 waqala umsebenzi elihlobene ne rocket.

Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba umuntu wokuqala unqobe amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni, babonakala endaweni yonke, kwathatha eminye iminyaka embalwa futhi iminyaka. Ungakhohlwa mayelana amaphutha abiza izimpilo eziqinisekisa. Eyokuqala abafileyo Cosmonauts. Ngokusho idatha esemthethweni, kukhona ezinhlanu kuphela, kuhlanganise Yuri Gagarin, ngubani, empeleni, kodwa akazange avume ukufa emkhathini, futhi ngemva kokubuyela Earth. Noma kunjalo-astronaut wamukela ukufa njengoba uvivinyo njengoba umshayeli lempi, okuvumela ukuba wenze kube ohlwini wasethula lapha.

Komarov

Cosmonauts Soviet owafa emkhathini, enziwe lutho umnikelo esingenakulinganiswa esiya ukuthuthukiswa yezwe labo. Umuntu onjalo kwaba uVladimir Komarov - Cosmonaut futhi unjiniyela Colonel, ngubani waklonyeliswa isihloko Hero zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-Ephreli 14 1927. Wayengumuntu ilungu lokuqala emlandweni wezwe umkhumbi Isikhala Kwakungubani umkhuzi walo. Kabili esikhaleni.

Ngo-1943, isazi sezinkanyezi esizayo iziqu iminyaka eyisikhombisa, futhi engena Air Force esikoleni esikhethekile, befuna ukufunda ubungcweti umshayeli. Waqeda ke ngo-1945, bese baya abafundi Sasovo Aviation School. Futhi ngonyaka ofanayo wangeniswa Borisoglebsk Ephakeme Military Aviation School.

Ngemva kokuphothula kulesi sikole ngo-1949, Komarov ngasebenza kwabosizo lokuqala Lasemoyeni kanye baba umshayeli fighter. eqeleni lakhe elise Grozny. Lapha ehlangana uValentina, uthisha esikoleni ngubani waba ngumkakhe. Ngokushesha, uVladimir baba umshayeli eziphezulu, futhi ngo-1959 wathola iziqu-Air Force Academy futhi wathola lokusabalalisa Air Force Institute. Kukulo muzi lapho yena wakhethwa ngoba iqembu lokuqala Cosmonauts.

Flying emkhathini

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, indlela osomkhathi abaningi babulawa, kuzomele uqale ukugqamisa kakhulu isihloko indiza.

Ngakho, ngendiza yokuqala emkhathini Komarova senzeka mkhathi "Voskhod" Okthoba 12, 1964. Kwakuwusuku uhambo lokuqala Multi emhlabeni: crew kwakuhlanganisa odokotela kanye onjiniyela. Ukundiza lwathatha amahora 24 futhi uqedele cababa.

Eyesibili kanye indiza odlule Komarova senzeka ebusuku kusuka 23 kuya 24 Apreli 1967. I Cosmonaut wabulawa ngesikhathi beqeda indiza: ngesikhathi Uzalo we-parachute main ayisebenzanga, futhi ezizibeni esikhululekile curled ngenxa Ukujikeleza esindayo zedivayisi. Lo mkhumbi hit phansi futhi kwagqamuka amalangabi. Ngakho ngenxa engozini ebulalayo uVladimir Komarov wafa. WayeyiZwi Cosmonaut yokuqala yabulawa. Ukuze kuhlonishwe yakhe lamiswao isikhumbuzo e Nizhny Novgorod kanye ngokudayisa zethusi eMoscow.

Gagarin

Bonke labo babe osomkhathi efile phambi Gagarin, ngokusho emithonjeni ezisemthethweni. Okungukuthi, empeleni, baqiniseke ukuthi astronaut eyodwa kuphela Gagarin wafa eSoviet Union. Nokho, Gagarin iyona Cosmonaut edume kakhulu Soviet.

Yuri A., Cosmonaut Soviet, yazalwa ngo-March 9, 1934. Wachitha esengumntwana edolobhaneni Kashino. Waya esikoleni ngo-1941, kodwa emzaneni ihlaselwe amabutho aseJalimane, futhi imiphumela yocwaningo aphazamisekile. Futhi kule Gagarin ekhaya SS okuhleliwe abanikazi workshop waxosha emgwaqweni. Kuphela ngo-1943 edolobhaneni sakhishwa, futhi ekutadisheni Yuri baqhubeka.

Gagarin ke ingena ngo-1951 e Saratov ekolishi, lapho aqala ukuba khona Aero Club. Ngo-1955 yena ngabuthelwa ebuthweni bese ithunyelwa Aviation School. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, wakhonza e-Air Force futhi ngo-1959 landizela amahora mayelana 265. Wathola isihloko umshayeli lempi ekilasini lesithathu futhi elisezingeni uLieutenant.

Uhambo lokuqala luzoba futhi ukufa

Abashona osomkhathi - abantu babe kahle ingozi ukuthi ulandele, kodwa noma ayizange ukubavimba. Futhi Gagarin, umuntu wokuqala emkhathini, wafaka ukuphila kwakhe engozini ngaphambi kokuba abe usomkhathi.

Nokho, ithuba lokuba owokuqala wayengaphuthi. 12 ku-Apreli 1961, Gagarin landizela e rocket "Vostok" isikhala airfield Baikonur. Ukundiza okwathatha imizuzu 108 futhi saphela ngokukhululwa cababa ngasedolobheni Engels (Saratov esifundeni). Futhi lokhu kwaba usuku izwe lonke ngoSuku Cosmonautics, okuyinto kugujwa namuhla.

Ukuze zonke indiza kwezwe yokuqala lwaba isenzakalo esivelele Amazing, futhi umshayeli, owenza ke, ngokushesha eyaduma. Gagarin evakashelwe lesi simemo emazweni angaphezu kuka amathathu. Iminyaka eyalandela zaziphawuleka ngokungabi okuthunyelwe kwendiza astronaut semisebenzi asebenzayo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe.

Kodwa ngokushesha Gagarin kwaba emuva oshayelayo indiza. Lesi sinqumo kwenzakala ebuhlungu kuye. Futhi ngo-1968, ngo-March 27, wabulawa ngesikhathi indiza ukuqeqeshwa abanikeze asebenza nabo we MIG-15 Uti. Izimbangela yengozi kukhona ayikaziwa.

Noma kunjalo, izazi zezinkanyezi owafa ngeke kukhohlakale ngezwe yabo. Ngosuku lokufa Gagarin ezweni ngalila. Futhi kamuva emazweni ahlukahlukene sesisungule eziningi izikhumbuzo kuya Cosmonaut kuqala.

volkov

Vladislav Nikolaevich volkov - Cosmonaut Soviet. Wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1935, ku-23 Novemba.

astronaut Ikusasa iziqu inombolo esikoleni eMoscow 201 ngo-1953, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wangena eMoscow Aviation Institute futhi wathola okukhethekile unjiniyela electromechanical ophethe rocket. Waya ukuthi asebenze CB Queen futhi usiza ekudalweni isikhala ubuchwepheshe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uqala khona izifundo ezemidlalo pilot flying club e Kolomna.

Ngo-1966, volkov yaba ilungu amabutho Cosmonaut, futhi kamuva eminyakeni emithathu wenza indiza yayo yokuqala ku "Soyuz-7" indima engineer indiza. Ukundiza yayithatha izinsuku 4, 22 amahora angaba mane nemizuzu engu-40. Ngo-1971, kwaba khona indiza yesibili kanye lokugcina Volkova, lapho afike wakhonza khona njengenceku wobunjiniyela. Ngaphandle Vladislav Nikolaevich Ithimba siqukethe Patsaev futhi Dobrovolsky, okuyinto sixoxa ngezansi. Lapho egibela umkhumbi iphutha depressurization, futhi bonke abahlanganyeli indiza wafa. Cosmonauts ababefile sebefile nasemlotheni zabo zafakwa odongeni Kremlin.

Dobrowolski

Georgiy Timofeevich Dobrovolsky, zazo sekushiwo, yazalwa ngo-Odessa, ngo-1928, ku-1 Juni. Umshayeli, astronaut futhi Air Force colonel, waba kwakhe yaklonyeliswa Hero isihloko eSoviet Union.

Phakathi nempi wayeyisosha kwaba on ensimini matasa iziphathimandla Romanian futhi waboshwa ephethe izikhali. Ukuze uthole ubugebengu wayengaphuli wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-25 ebhadla ejele, kodwa abendawo wakwazi ukuhlenga. Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Okwesibili Georgy Dobrovolsky ingena Odessa esikoleni Air Force. Ngaleso sikhathi wayengazi ukuthi yini isiphetho emlindele. Nokho, izazi zezinkanyezi, walahlekelwa emkhathini, kanye nama-pilot, kusengaphambili okulungiselela ukufa.

Ngo-1948 Dobrowolski kwaba umfundi esikoleni lempi Chuguev, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili yaqala ukukhonza eSoviet Air Force. Phakathi nonyaka wenkonzo, wayekade iziqu Academy of the Air Force. Futhi ngo-1963 yaba ilungu ezigungu Cosmonaut.

indiza yakhe nesibongo waqala ngo-June 6, 1971 abagibele "Soyuz-11" in the indima nomyali. I osomkhathi baye bavakashela isikhala "Solutia-1" esiteshini, lapho wachitha kancane zocwaningo. Kodwa ngesikhathi ukubuya Umhlaba kwathatha indawo, njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, depressurization.

isimo sokushada kanye imivuzo

osomkhathi Dead akuzona kuphela namaqhawe yezwe, owanikela ngokuphila kwakhe ngenxa yakhe, kodwa umuntu amadodana, abayeni nobaba. Ngemva kokufa Georgy Dobrovolsky eziyizintandane namadodakazi akhe amabili, Marina (1960 k.) Futhi Natalia (1967 k.). Omunye kwesokunxele nomfelokazi hero, ULyudmila Stebleva, okusezingeni eliphezulu uthisha esikoleni. Futhi uma wena wakwazi ukukhumbula indodakazi endala kayise, uthunjana, owayeneminyaka engu-4 kuphela ubudala ngesikhathi kokuwa capsule engazi.

Ngaphezu Hero isihloko eSoviet Union Dobrovolsky yena yanikezelwa Order of Lenin (kwakhe), "Igolide Star" ngendondo "Ukuze Izikhungo e Battle". Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama nenombolo Cosmonaut iplanethi 1789 abizwa, wavula ngo 1977, emgodini nocwaningo umkhumbi egcwele.

Futhi ngalolu suku, kusukela ngo-1972, kukhona isiko ukudlala Dobrovolsky Cup, okuyinto Unikelwa ngebanga gxuma phambili trampoline.

Patsaev

Ngakho, ngokuqhubeka ukuphendula umbuzo, indlela osomkhathi eziningi Kushone isikhala, thina uqhubekela olandelayo Hero Ebhizinisi Union. Viktor Ivanovich Patsaev ozalwa ku Aktobe (Kazakhstan) ngo-1933, ku-19 Juni. It is umuntu abe Cosmonaut wokuqala emhlabeni, owayesebenza ngaphandle emkhathini woMhlaba ezaziwayo. Wafa kanye Dobrovolsky futhi volkov eshiwo ngenhla.

uyise Victor wawusubheda empini phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili. Futhi umkhaya ngemva kwempi, waphoqeleka ukuba udlulele Kaliningrad esifundeni, lapho Cosmonaut lokuqala esizayo ilubeke esikoleni. Njengoba kulotshiwe Umlando umshana wakhe, isikhala baba Victor nesithakazelo kakade - efika abambelele "Journey Moon" by K. Tsiolkovsky.

Ngo-1950 Patsaev ifika Penza Industrial Institute, owathweswa iziqu, futhi eCentral eliphezulu emoyeni Observatory. Lapha, uthatha iqhaza ukwakhiwa lwamarokhethi Meteorological.

A 1958 Viktor Ivanovich idluliselwe CB Queen, emnyangweni design. Kulapha wahlangana kwabawayo Soviet Cosmonauts (volkov, Dobrovolsky futhi Patsaev). Nokho, kuphela Cosmonaut uzobe kwakhiwa eminyakeni 10 obubusa ezinhlwini ngeke Patsaev. ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe izothatha iminyaka emithathu. Ngeshwa, astronaut Umsebenzi wokuqala yaphela siyinhlekelele nokufa kwalo lonke iqembu.

Zingaki izazi zezinkanyezi Kushone isikhala?

Lo mbuzo abakwazi ukunikeza impendulo ngalokuvakalako. Iqiniso lokuthi ezinye ulwazi isikhala ohambweni izohlala kuhlukaniswe kuze kube yilolu suku. Kunezindlela eziningi nekucabangela abuye IMIBONO, kodwa ubufakazi obuphathekayo kuze kube manje akekho.

Njengoba kudatha ezisemthethweni, inani lokufa kwezingane Cosmonauts futhi osomkhathi emazweni onke abantu mayelana 170. Esaziwa kakhulu kubo Yiqiniso, abameleli eSoviet Union ne-United States. Phakathi nalokhu kwesibili, ke Kuhle kokusho Francis Richard, Michael Smith, Dzhudit Reznik (omunye zezinkanyezi abesifazane kuqala), uRonald McNair.

nezinye efile

Uma unesithakazelo osomkhathi efile Russia, okwamanje abazi khona. Ngaleso sikhathi akukho selokhu kwachitheka iSoviet Union futhi kumiswa Russia njengoba geqe akuzange kubikwe isenzakalo esisodwa ngokuwa mkhathi nokufa nabashayeli balo.

Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sakhuluma ngokuthi labo abafa ngqo esikhaleni, kodwa asikwazi indiva lezo osomkhathi abangazange kwadingeka ithuba suka. Ukufa kwabalandela ngisho Emhlabeni.

Lokhu kwaba Valentin vasilevich Bondarenko, ngubani wayephakathi kweqembu we Cosmonauts kuqala futhi wafa ngesikhathi ukuqeqeshwa. Ngesikhathi ehlala e-sudobarokamere lapho astronaut kwadingeka ukuba yedwa cishe izinsuku ezingu-10, wenza iphutha. Izinzwa Unfastened ukubika umsebenzi obalulekile zemizimba yabo wagcoba nge uhala ofakwe utshwala bese ulilahle. Ukotini ball hit red-hot ikhoyili kagesi, okubangela umlilo. Uma ikhamera ivuliwe, astronaut esaphila, kodwa ngemva 8 amahora washonela esibhedlela Botkin. Abashona osomkhathi phambi Gagarin, ngakho-ke, afaka yayo ubulungu umuntu wokugcina.

Nokho, Bondarenko siyohlala inkumbulo isizukulwane esizayo kanye nabanye osomkhathi efile.