Ukuqala sesimanje eRussia ngekhulu lama-20 kanye nezici zayo

Uma eRussia serfdom uyekwa, zikhona zonke izimfanelo for sesimanje kanye nokukhula ngokushesha komnotho. Ekupheleni XIX - ekuqaleni XX leminyaka kuleli zwe, kwakubikwa izinguquko kwezezimboni. Wafaka Russia belingana umnotho eziphambili kakhulu zomhlaba (England, eU.SA, eFrance naseJalimane).

Kutfutfukiswa nojantshi

Omunye izinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho isimo ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukuthuthukiswa nojantshi. Ukulungiswa Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, itholakala ukubonakala inethiwekhi ezokuthutha etholakalayo.

I wesitimela bavela okokuqala ezweni namanje ngaphansi Nicholas mina (kusuka eMoscow kuya Petersburg). Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-XX leminyaka insimbi komgwaqo - umthombo ekahle ezibalulekile. Inethiwekhi evuthiwe benza senqola of Izimpahla ngu zwe elikhulukazi ishibhile futhi esebenza kahle.

Ukuqala sesimanje eRussia ngekhulu lama-20 uyasala ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 3 angu-nojantshi. Alikho izwe ku inethiwekhi izwe elingabafanele bona okuhlanganisa indawo ebanzi kangako. Inani wezimpahla ngesitsha kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa ngemva kwenkathi wokubusa u-Alexander II kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 4.

Yini kahle hle wanika ukwakhiwa kakhulu nojantshi? It savulekelwa umkhakha futhi ukuhweba izimakethe ezintsha ngaphakathi yeRussia. Ngo eziningi izifundazwe yesifundazwe kanye izithulu a imithombo eminingi okukhulu abalindele inkosi yayo. Yakha ifektri kude ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha evuthiwe ababengenamandla okukuthola iyiphi usomabhizinisi. Uma liyasho ukuthi inkampani uphila uxhaso ezinkulu, ngakho-ke usebenza at ukulahlekelwa.

Njengoba sekunama-wojantshi e ekuqaleni sesimanje eRussia ngekhulu lama-20 usezuze i ijubane ngesivinini esikhulu. inzuzo Economic phakathi izifundazwe isibe babubukhulu ngokwengeziwe, nezamabhizinisi - ikuyo yonke indawo. It catapulted le izingxenye ezahlukene iningi labantu - kusukela gentry abafundile abalimi ozikhandlayo Ushiye umphakathi.

Trans-Siberian sesitimela

Ngo-1891 wethula Amazing ngesikhathi iphrojekthi eRussia. Kwakuwusuku ukwakhiwa Elikhulu indlela eSiberia, noma Trans-Siberian sesitimela. I ujantshi ezinde kakhulu emhlabeni kwaba ukuxhuma empumalanga kakhulu zezwe izifundazwe ezisenkabeni. Emcimbini obeka kwesigaba sokuqala kwaba indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi Nikolay Aleksandrovich, yena amaphuzu ibhala umhlaba kuqala. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, indlela ivaliwe, futhi kungakabiphi kwaba baya ukuqeqesha. Ngokokuqala ngqá abantu qondisa noma ukuthuthela ukuze uthole i-Atlantic ugu lweNyakatho Yurophu Pacific Rim Russia. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngonyaka 642 eyakhelwe emayela ngezindlela ezintsha.

Njengoba sekunama-neTrans Russian sesimanje kwezomnotho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, usezuze esiyindilinga entsha. Manje izakhamuzi zezwe zonke izindlela sokuthuthukiswa the eSiberia enkulukazi. Stolypin nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo ukuvumele abalimi kuxazululwe on emazweni amasha futhi wamukele zentela ukudala umnotho akho. Isitimela futhi eyakwenza kwaba lula ukwamukela osuka eYurophu uye izifundazwe Ekude.

ubudlelwane bezomnotho phakathi izifunda

Izici yesikhathi sesimanje waseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, walala yokuthi nge kwavela ubudlelwane obuqinile oqine ukuhweba phakathi ezindaweni ezikude nge force entsha basungula umkhakha. Ngisho wedwa laying Trans edingekayo imithombo omkhulu, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma yiziphi waziphatha amabhizinisi angasese. Lawa kwakungamadodana: yokusansimbi, ujantshi belele ukuvunwa, ukhuni ukucutshungulwa, amakhemikhali umkhakha, ukudala yokubasela umusi amakhanda (izimayini zamalahle, uwoyela), njll Qala yesikhathi sesimanje eRussia ngekhulu lama-20 kwaba ezahlukene kanye nokuntuleka monopolies isimo emikhakheni iningi umnotho ukuthi ededela ithalente .. abahleli bekhonsathi abahwebi yangasese.

Ukwakhiwa amabhuloho amasha, kanye ukukhiqizwa izimoto umusi izinjini yashesha izikhathi eziningana. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni sesimanje eRussia ngekhulu lama-20 kwaba lizwe lesibili omude kunayo yonke wesitimela senethiwekhi (ngemva kwezwe US kuphela).

ujantshi abadumile

Kwezitimela bakhangwa osomabhizinisi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izikhulu zikahulumeni abanamakhono. Ngokwesibonelo, uNgqongqoshe Railways e 1895-1905 GG. kwaba Mihail Ivanovich Hilkov, owayevela uhlobo Rurik. Esivelele umsebenzi wakhe, eye sibonga ngokuzimisela okukhulu. isikhonzi Ikusasa kwaba womlilo lokuqala e-United States, umakhenikha e-UK, bese wazimisa ezweni lakubo njengoba umlawuli ekwaziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ne nojantshi ukusakazwa i-career Sergeya Vitte - omunye izibalo edume kakhulu kwenkathi.

imikhakha yezomnotho

Ezinye izici ze-sesimanje Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kufakwe ukuhanjiswa wemakethe. Zonke ukukhiqizwa yezimboni we Izwe lahlukaniswa laba imikhakha eminingana. Ingxenyana main ezazisemizini yendwangu (26%), ukudla (24%) kanye gornozavodskogo (21%) umkhakha.

Ezweni lonke, kwakukhona izindawo ezintsha kwezomnotho lokukhiqiza zazo ezihlukile. Ikakhulukazi ukukhula yesiteleka uvele eningizimu yeRussia. It khiqiza oyili noma itshe-nsimbi, amalahle, nensimbi smelted. sesimanje Social eRussia kwakuhlangene ukubukeka okungakaze kubonwe izitshalo. Shirilsya ekilasini yesigaba sabasebenzi. Kusukela 1894 kuya 1905, leli lizwe kuphela emkhakheni Metallurgical uvele amabhizinisi amasha angaphezu kwangu-440 futhi amabhizinisi.

Yayisalokhu iyisikhungo shipbuilding Petersburg, lapho shipyards ezakhiwa imikhumbi amakilasi ezintsha. Eningizimu, indima ichweba elikhulu kuhanjiswe ku Nikolaev. Liphinde ezokwakha kanye owayezinikele imikhumbi yesimanje isebenze.

kukhula kwemnotfo lokusheshisako

Izici yesikhathi sesimanje eRussia ukusheshisa ijubane ukukhula, okwakuyoholela umona iyiphi umnotho emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalesi inkomba, izwe wazithola iqembu abaholi (kanye US, iJapan kanye Sweden). Goldmine waba sphere yakamuva uwoyela, lapho Russia yathunqa sibonga umholi wezwe ekutholakaleni nokuthuthukiswa imali enkulu Baku.

Kwezinye izindawo zase-emnothweni production ezifuywayo yayisendaweni stably 4th noma 5th (insimbi steel bese waphonsa yensimbi, ubunjiniyela, ukukhiqiza ushukela kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.).

Industrial Isentha Zonke-Russian

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 e-Nizhny Novgorod wavula Zonke-Russian Industrial Isentha (by Isifaniso ngemicimbi owaziwa European). Kukulo muzi lapho embonini Russian owabanjwa ukubonakaliswa impumelelo yayo. Lo mcimbi osungugqamezweni isikhathi eside ukulungiselela ke. Engingakusho nje ukusho ukuthi ngokukhethekile lombukiso Nizhny Novgorod wethulwa tram wokuqala kagesi e nobukhulu sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia.

Lo mcimbi uxhaswe uMbusi uNicholas II. Phakathi abagqugquzeli embukisweni kwakungamadodana osomabhizinisi yimpumelelo esikhathini esiningi: .. Savva Morozov, Savva Mamontov, njll Kukhona ukubonisiwe impumelelo bahlanganise imigomo esisha sesimanje Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Ngo Nizhny Novgorod, emisha ziye zabonisa. Ngokwesibonelo, izivakashi wokuqala wabona hyperboloid umbhoshongo-igobolondo Shukhov Rotunda, umsakazo Popov, kanye imoto yokuqala production ezifuywayo (imoto Frese futhi Yakovlev). Ezinye emadokodweni zanikezelwa izifunda ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, umklomelo kaNobel Brothers Association wabonisa izimboni-panorama namafutha zokuwuhluza e Baku. Saxoxa nobunzima sibe sesimanje Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Futhi izinkontileka kanye nezivumelwano phakathi abakhiqizi kanye nezimboni.

izinkinga

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo impumelelo ngenhla, kwase kukhona izinkinga yesikhathi sesimanje of Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izwe abasasilele ngemuva abaholi bezwe ngokuya ukukhiqizwa lengenako. Lesi sibalo ikakhulukazi kanzima hit ngumthengi sokugcina. Ngenxa yalokhu kwaba inzuzo ongaphakeme e namanye amazwe (ruble 1 bhiliyoni 286 million). Lesi sibalo kwaba izikhathi ezingu-5 singaphansi kwesilinganiso US, noma eNgilandi. Ngokuvamile, lapho zazilingana ezingeni Belgium amancane.

izinkinga Russian sesimanje ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, walala yokuthi izwe yayihlupheka ku izinga jikelele dolobha phakathi emnothweni. Ukuze athuthukise umkhakha, uhulumeni kanye osomabhizinisi babe izimali ezidingekayo. Basuke okulungiselelwe zokweboleka kwenye indawo. Cishe ingxenye yabo enhlokodolobha yasekhaya etholakala ngesikweletu leyo minyaka. zimali angaphandle ephakanyiswe kusuka emhlabathini, izifunda lonke. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwakuyizwi Donbass umcengezi. isihlalo sakhe ngokwabo ngezithukuthuku zimali British nesiFulentshi.

izikweletu state

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isabelo mali angaphandle emnothweni kanye ekuqaleni kwekhulu amasha kancane kancane kuyancipha. Izici yesikhathi sesimanje Russian walala yokuthi isimo uya zafundiswa emakethe yasekhaya, ngenxa okuyinto izikweletu zangaphandle yayo wawa, futhi kwangaphakathi, ngokuphambene akhulela khona. Ukuze uqhathanise - ngesikhathi esifanayo eFrance ukukhokhwa yengcebo izibopho bachithe cishe ingxenye yesithathu sabelomali, kuyilapho eRussia --15%.