SeSimbi. Isiputukezi

Ubuningi izimfihlo kufihlwe emlandweni wezwe, futhi namanje ushiye abacwaningi banethemba ukuthola okuthile okusha amaqiniso aziwayo. Ejabulisayo engavamile izikhathi umsindo uma ukuqaphela ukuthi uma ngezizathu ezifanayo lapho sihamba namuhla, izibankwakazi waphila, walwa Knights bamisa abantu basendulo. umlando Umhlaba luyisisekelo periodization udela izimiso ezimbili ezifanelekayo ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu - indaba for ukukhiqizwa amathuluzi kanye yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe. Ngokuhambisana lezi zimiso, imiqondo "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", le 'nensimbi' yobudala. Ngayinye yalezi periodization kwaba igxathu ekuthuthukiseni lesintu, yolunye kwemvelo nolwazi kwesikhathi samakhono abantu. Yiqiniso, lokho kwakungeve kungenxa zikhathi yokwenziwa ngokuphelele emlandweni. Njengoba sekuzoqala lidala kangakanani, namandla kuze kube yilolu suku kukhona Ukuvuselela njalo kolwazi kanye ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ezintsha ngokukhiqiza izinto ewusizo.

umlando Umhlaba futhi owokuqala ezithiwa ukujola izindlela

Isayensi steel ithuluzi dating zinkathi. Ikakhulukazi, singanciphisa Radiocarbon Dating ka Geological, dendrochronology. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo aye wavumela ukuba ngcono ubuchwepheshe ekhona. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-5000 edlule, lapho kwaqala inkathi nekubhala umlando wesintu, yimuphi omunye izimfanelo ukuphola, eyayisekelwe ukuba khona ezihlukahlukene zithi nempucuko. Tentatively bakholelwa ukuthi inkathi kwemihlambi indoda kusuka emhlabeni isilwane waqala abangaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule, kwaze kwaba yilapho kuwa eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga, owenzeka ngo-476 AD, inkathi waya Antiquities. Ngaphambi ekuqaleni Renaissance kwaba Ephakathi. Kuze kube sekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala eyathatha ngesikhathi izindaba okusha, futhi manje sekuyisikhathi entsha. Izazi-mlando izikhathi ezahlukene ukubeka "ihange" Uhlaka kwabo inkomba, isibonelo, uHerodotus lagxila ngokukhethekile ekulweni kwe-Asia neYurophu. Ososayensi kamuva isikhathi kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso umcimbi enkulu ekuthuthukiseni impucuko ukwamukelwa weRiphabhulikhi wamaRoma. Izazi-mlando eziningi ziyavuma e nokucabanga kwabo ukuthi isiko seSimbi nezobuciko ongowenani elikhulu kwakungafanele, njengoba kwasekuqaleni kwafika zokulwa kanye nabasebenzi.

INGEMUVA inkathi lensimbi

Ngo prehistory egqanyisiwe yobudala stone, anabamemezeli Paleolithic, Mesolithic futhi Neolithic. Ngamunye esikhathini kuphawulwa ukuthuthukiswa yomuntu nezinqubo ezintsha wakhe ekwelapheni itshe. Ekuqaleni, izibhamu obanzi kunayo ngesandla ngembazo. Kamuva, kwakukhona izakhi amathuluzi itshe, hhayi wonke qhuzwana. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa komlilo, ukudalwa izingubo yokuqala eyenziwe isilwane izikhumba, namahlelo lokuqala zenkolo kanye ngcono kwezindlu. Phakathi womuntu semi ayimizulane nokuzingela izimpilo izilwane ezinkulu 'ezidinga izikhali ngaphezulu futhi kangcono. A esigabeni eminye yentuthuko lokucubungula itshe ubuchwepheshe wangena kufika ithuba lika-enkulungwaneni futhi ekupheleni Stone Age, lapho esakaza ezolimo kanye isilwane ukunakekela, kukhona ukukhiqizwa sobumba. Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi sethusi metal abangu ukusetshenziselwa nokucubungula yayo. Ukuqala seSimbi uye wabeka phambi wokusebenza esizayo. Ukutadisha izakhiwo izinsimbi njalo kwaholela ekutholakaleni zethusi kanye nokusabalalisa yayo. Ubudala zamatshe nangethusi nensimbi - kuyinqubo obunobunye lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu, ngokusekelwe ukunyakaza sabantu.

idatha zangempela isikhathi inkathi

Ukusatshalaliswa yensimbi libhekisela isigaba zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo ekuseni emlandweni wesintu. Izici nobuntu kwesikhathi izitayela embonini kanye ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali. Ngisho endulo ukwakha umqondo Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu ubudala ngokuvumelana impahla. Early seSimbi wafundelwa futhi uqhubeka utadisha, ososayensi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, imibhalo voluminous ezikhishwe
Gornesom, Montelius, Tischler, Reinecke, Kostshevskim, etc ... EMpumalanga Yurophu izincwadi ezifanele, zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele namabalazwe yomlando izwe lasendulo ekhiqizwa Gorodtsov, Spitsin, Gautier, Tretyakov, Smirnov, Artamonov, Grakov. Ibhekwa ukusabalala yensimbi nobuntu isiko bakudala izizwe ababehlala ngaphandle impucuko. Empeleni, zonke zezwe ngesikhathi basinda seSimbi. I Bronze Age kulokhu kwaba imfuneko. Engayekanga isikhathi esinjalo olubanzi emlandweni. Ngokohlelo lwezikhathi, inkathi seSimbi Uthatha 9th ekhulwini 7th BC. Ngalesi sikhathi, izizwe eziningi eYurophu nase-Asia lizokhuphuka ukuthuthukisa siqu yensimbi yokusansimbi yayo. Njengoba lokhu metal uhlala impahla ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhiqiza ukhona futhi kuyingxenye Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka.

isiko kwesikhathi

Ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa nokusakazwa Kwezimiso yensimbi enengqondo kwaholela ekubeni sesimanje isiko kanye zokuphila emphakathini. izimo Kukhona kwezomnotho ngoba ubudlelwano bokusebenza kanye nokwahlukana indlela tribal zokuphila. umlando sidilizwa amanothi ekuqongeleleni amagugu, ukukhula imali ukungalingani kanye exchange letihlomulisa amaqembu. Njengoba ligcwele kuzo ezivikelweni, waqala kumiswa umphakathi ekilasini futhi isimo. izimali Okuningi idluliselwe ubunikazi yangasese bakhethiwe futhi bambalwa, kwakukhona yobugqila kanye babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini iye yathuthuka.

Njengoba sengineminyaka engu-metal wazibonakalisa eU.SSR?

Ekupheleni enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC phezu Insimu Union kwakubonakala yensimbi. Phakathi kwezindawo eminingi yasendulo ezenzekayo kungenziwa kuphawulwe entshonalanga Georgia ne-South eCaucasus. Early izikhumbuzo seSimbi kuyagcinwa engxenyeni eseningizimu-European wase-USSR. Kodwa mass udumo yokusansimbi got lapha yokuqala yeminyaka BC, eyagunyazwa nayindikimba eziningi zobuciko bemivubukulo Bronze Age eCaucasus, izinsalela yamasiko North eCaucasus and woLwandle Olumnyama, kanye nabanye. Lapho efeza kumbiwa ezindaweni ezingasemifuleni umSkithe Kuye kwatholakala izikhumbuzo oyigugu Ngasekuqaleni seSimbi. Utfola wenza kuleyandawo Kamenka eduze Nikopol.

Umlando okubalulekile Kazakhstan

Ngokomlando, seSimbi ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili. Lena ekuseni, okwaqala ngo-8 kuya kweleshumi 3rd BC, futhi kamuva, okwaqala ngo-3 ekhulwini BC kuya 6th AD leminyaka. Izwe ngalinye has umlando walo ngesikhathi ukusabalala yensimbi, kodwa izici kule nqubo sixhomeke kakhulu esifundeni. Ngakho, ukuthoma ngesiKhathi seSimbi ensimini ka Kazakhstan kwaphawulwa intuthuko izici ezintathu eziyinhloko. ENingizimu Kazakhstan izinkomo ezivamile Lezokulima eniselwayo. Isimo sezulu Western Kazakhstan besingalindele nokuqashwa kwezolimo. Futhi North, eMpumalanga Ephakathi Kazakhstan lalihlala abantu, ingashintshwa ukuze ebusika nokhahlo. Lezi izifunda ezintathu, ngokuphelele ezahlukene ngokuya lokuhlala, waba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukudalwa Kazakh zhuzes ezintathu. Wik Kazakhstan liye laba yindawo yemfundo uMdala Juz. North eMhlabeni, eMpumalanga Ephakathi Kazakhstan baba itheku we Juz Ephakathi. West Kazakhstan iyona Junior zidlamlilo.

I seSimbi e Central Kazakhstan

Sekuyisikhathi eside emaqeleni Endless-Asia Ephakathi yindawo eziphilayo ayimizulane. Lapha, umlando wasendulo imelelwa izindunduma yokungcwaba, okuyizinto izikhumbuzo elingenakuqhathaniswa ukuthoma ngesiKhathi seSimbi. Ikakhulukazi izindunduma ezivamile nge uhlu noma "Intshebe" esifundeni, enza, ngokuvumelana Ososayensi bathi beacon ikhampasi imisebenzi asemaqeleni. It yabakhanga isiko mlando tasmolinskaya, ngakho igama lakhe ngenxa endaweni e Pavlodar esifundeni, eyayibhalwe ekumbeni wokuqala womuntu nomlando ihhashi e indunduma letinkhulu naletincane. Abavubukuli bakholelwa Kazakhstan izindunduma tasmolinskoy izikhumbuzo yamasiko evamile ekuqaleni seSimbi.

Izici isiko Northern Kazakhstan

Le ndawo libhekene khona izinkomo. Izakhamuzi umsebenzi kwezolimo baye bathuthela ngendlela sokunethezeka ayimizulane zokuphila. Tasmolinskaya isiko futhi lihlonishwa kule ndawo. Ukunakwa abacwaningi asekuqaleni seSimbi izikhumbuzo ukuheha izindunduma Birlik Alypkash, Bekteniz nemizana emithathu: Karlyga, Bork futhi Kenotkel. On ibhange kwesokudla emfuleni Yesil baqhubeka beqinisa Early seSimbi. Ukuthuthukiswa lapha ithole art yokuncibilikisa nokucutshungulwa izinsimbi nonferrous. imikhiqizo metal Manufactured ziphuthunyiswe eMpumalanga Yurophu ne eCaucasus. Kazakhstan ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka ngaphambi omakhelwane yayo ekuthuthukiseni yokusansimbi lasendulo ngaleyo ndlela siba umuntu onekhono lokuxoxa phakathi izikhungo Metallurgical yezwe, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Yurophu.

"Uma Uzitholele Kusuke segolide"

izindunduma Ngokubabazekayo of East Kazakhstan ngokuyinhloko zanqwabelana Shiliktinskoy Valley. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka amahlanu. ukufunda kunazo zonke kwezingu-izindunduma yayiqhutshelwa 1960, othiwa igolide. Iyokhushulwa lolu hlobo lesikhumbuzo ukuze ukuthoma ngesiKhathi seSimbi ku BC 8-9 leminyaka. Zaisan esifundeni East Kazakhstan kusivumela ukuphenya engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ukungcwatshwa izindunduma ngobukhulu, 50 zazo ngokuthi royal futhi ingase iqukathe igolide. Ngo Shiliktinskoy Valley iyona endala emhlabeni emadlizeni aboyisemkhulu we 8 leminyaka BC, eKazakhstan, okuyinto wavulwa UProfesa Toleubayeva. Phakathi Abavubukuli lokhu okutholakele kubange umsindo nsé naleli yesithathu "indoda osemqoka" Kazakhstan. Wembelwa izingubo ehlotshiswe 4325 igolide tang. Ezithakazelisa kakhulu yokuthola - inkanyezi pentagonal elinemisebe lazuritnymi. into enjalo elifanekisela amandla nobukhulu bakhe. Kwaba bokuthi Shilikty, Besshatyr, Issyk, Berel, Boralday - endaweni engcwele lapho amasiko Imihlatshelo nemithandazo.

Early isiko seSimbi labantu abayimizulane

ubufakazi Idokhumentari isiko Kazakhstan lasendulo ababaningi. Ikakhulu ulwazi etholakala zemivubukulo kanye imivubukulo. On the abayimizulane kukuningi okuye kwashiwo mayelana kakhulu ukucula nokudansa. Kufanele futhi usho ikhono ekwakheni imikhumbi Ceramic futhi imidwebo ukuba izitsha zesiliva. Ukusatshalaliswa yensimbi ekhaya, futhi lo mbukiso kwaba umfutho lokwenza ngcono eyingqayizivele bafudumale system: ngefasitele, okuyinto nendawo wabeka ngasezindongeni ngokulinganayo azithinta yonke indlu. I abayimizulane yasungulwa eziningi izinto evamile namuhla ukusetshenziswa ekhaya ukuze isetshenziswe ngesikhathi sempi. Zikhuphukele, ibhulukwe, stirrups, a qhugwane kanye saber lwalugobile. Ukuvikela amahhashi metal amagobolondo zenzelwe. NokuVikelwa iqhawe lihlinzeke yensimbi zempi.

Izimpumelelo kanye inkathi ukuvulwa

I seSimbi lesithathu ethubeni itshe nezitsha zethusi. Kodwa ngo-value, akungabazeki, ungowokuqala. Ukuze yensimbi yesimanje uhlala ngesisekelo impahla yabo bonke okusungulwe abantu. Zonke ezibaluleke emkhakheni ukukhiqizwa eyayihambisana nokusetshenziswa yayo. Lokhu metal has a ephakeme ukuma njengoba kuqhathaniswa ngethusi. Pure yensimbi yemvelo alikho, futhi ukufeza inqubo yokuncibilikisa itshe elinensimbi kunzima kakhulu ngenxa refractoriness yayo. Lokhu metal ombangela izinguquko global empilweni sezizwe zakwa asemaqeleni. Kuqhathaniswa kwezinkathi odlule Archaeological seSimbi lifushane, kodwa ngempumelelo kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, isintu wafunda yensimbi meteoric. Ezinye yokuqala nezinto zokuhloba aphume ke ziye zatholakala eGibhithe, eMesophothamiya nase-Asia Minor. Ngokohlelo lwezikhathi, kungenziwa lezi izinsalela isibaluli engxenyeni yokuqala ka enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Ngo nenkulungwane yesibili BC insimbi isuka ukuthola ubuchwepheshe yasungulwa, kodwa namanje Adalberto isikhathi eside kwensimbi sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi malorasprostranonnym futhi zibiza.

ukukhiqizwa Ukuntuleka izikhali futhi izikhali zensimbi phathelana wahlanganyela ePalestina, eSyria, e-Asia Minor, eCaucasus naseNdiya. Ukusatshalaliswa lokhu kube nensimbi futhi steel sokucasuka revolution lobuchwepheshe ukuthi usinika amandla umuntu phezu nemvelo. Manje, lula ukusula izindawo ezinkulu ihlathi izitshalo. Ngokushesha kwenziwa sesimanje amathuluzi kanye ngcono kulinywe. Ngakho, ngokushesha ufunde yezandla entsha, ikakhulukazi wensimbi kanye yezikhali. Musa ume eceleni bezicathulo owangena amathuluzi angcono. Omeselandi kanye abavukuzi waqala ukusebenza ngamandla.

Kufinyeta imiphumela seSimbi, kungaba kuqashelwe ukuthi ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu wayesevele ngokuhamba zonke izinhlobo ezinkulu amathuluzi esandleni (kwasinda ngezikulufo kanye sikelo). Ngokusetshenziswa yensimbi ekukhiqizeni isibe okuningi ukwakhiwa okulula imigwaqo, elinye igxathu eliya phambili eziphambili ubuchwepheshe lempi, badedelane baba uhlamvu metal. SeSimbi yashesha wayithukuthelisa nokuwohloka bakudala uhlelo ohlanganyelwe, kanye kumiswa umphakathi ekilasini futhi isimo. Imiphakathi eminingi kule nkathi banamathela okuthiwa intando yeningi wezempi.

izindlela zokuthuthukisa

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi yensimbi meteoritic eziningi ezincane bikho okwamanje eGibhithe, kodwa ukusabalala metal Lwenziwe nge ekuqaleni yokuncibilikisa ithusi. Ekuqaleni, insimbi elicibilikile kuphela lapho kufuneka khona. Ngakho, izinsalela zensimbi inclusions eziye zatholakala eSyria nase-Iraq izikhumbuzo ezakhiwa kungakapheli iminyaka 2700 BC. Kodwa ngemva ekhulwini le-11 BC, inkosi wensimbi Eastern Anatolia eyaziwa isayensi ukukhiqizwa ehlelekile lezinto ezensimbi. Izimfihlo futhi ubuqili isayensi entsha zazigcinwa ziyimfihlo futhi eyadluliselwa isuka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Okutholakele zomlando lokuqala, eqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwensimbi womshini amathuluzi, eqoshiwe kwa-Israyeli, okungukuthi eGerari edude Gaza. Kukhona lenqwaba amageja amasikela futhi openers yensimbi eziye zatholakala esukela esikhathini ngemva konyaka 1200 BC. Futhi kule bemivubukulo amasayithi amaziko atholakele.

Special ukucutshungulwa metal ubuchwepheshe basonta amakhosi basentshonalanga ye-Asia, which they ezibolekwe inkosi Greece, Italy futhi lonke elaseYurophu. revolution British lobuchwepheshe akunakubangelwa kwesikhathi ngemva konyaka ku-700 BC, ne lapho aqala khona futhi athuthukiswe kakhulu ngokushelela. Egypt naseNyakatho Afrika baye babonisa isithakazelo ukuthuthukiswa metal cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo ukudluliselwa phambili wekhono ohlangothini lwaseningizimu. izingcweti Chinese ishiywe cishe ngokuphelele nethusi, zikhetha yensimbi Kuvulwe. bamakoloni baseYurophu baletha ulwazi lwabo processing metal ubuchwepheshe e-Australia futhi INguqulo Yezwe Elisha. Ngemva kokusungulwa Izifutho yensimbi waphonsa kwakusakazwa ngezinga elingelikhulu mass. yensimbi Sakaza isibe impahla esisemqoka okwenza zonke izinhlobo izinto zasekhaya kanye nezempi, owawungumnyaka umfutho sokuthuthukiswa umkhakha elikhiqizayo.