Zemivubukulo eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Izinhlobo izikhumbuzo bemivubukulo

zemivubukulo - ingcebo ofakazi buthule nangenkathi esidlule. Zibonisa umsebenzi umuntu owayehlala Ngalezo zinsuku, lapho yakhiwe khona into ethize yomlando. Ososayensi zonke izikhumbuzo zihlukaniswe amaqembu kuye inhloso okuhloswe ukwakhiwa.

Izinhlobo izikhumbuzo bemivubukulo

Vele kudingeka wenze ukubhuka - ngezigaba kuyinto kokubonisana nomkayo. emithonjeni ehlukene ngezigaba iyawakha ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene futhi kungahluka kakhulu komunye nomunye.

• ezikhumbuzo omngcwabo zihlanganisa ezindundumeni, zokungcwaba, amangcwaba, cenotaphs, izakhiwo isikhumbuzo kanye nezinye izikhungo eziningi. Lezi zemivubukulo kukhona izinhlobo eziningi. Ngokutadisha kubo, ososayensi abakwazi ukubuyisela emasikweni abantu, izinkolelo zabo. Kumele kuthiwe izindunduma kukhona endaweni yokungcwaba abantu - lena amasayithi ezivamile bemivubukulo endaweni Russia, ikakhulukazi asemaqeleni kanye ihlathi ezindaweni.
• Isifiki izikhumbuzo ezifana edolobheni lasendulo, yokupaka, lalingumhume, workshop ezimbonini, ezimayini, imigwaqo, amanzi ompompi libonise ukuphila komuntu kwansuku zonke futhi ukwaziswa okuwusizo kakhulu mayelana indlela yokuphila abantu ube neminyaka ethile ubudala. Chaza izindlu zabantu, wathola ngenxa yokwemba, ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene kakhulu komunye nomunye. Ukwakhiwa izindawo lapho abantu ababehlala kwakuxhomeke isikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe kule ndawo, umsebenzi oyinhloko, lenye lombhalo ethile, nezinye izinto eziningi.
• ezikhumbuzo sezenkolo ukunikeza umbono yezinkonzo, senziwe emathempelini nakwezinye izindawo liyahlonishwa umuntu. Ngalokhu ngiqonde izikhumbuzo ahlanganisa izithombe itshe ezikhona zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Ngezinye izikhathi beniyingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi yesikhumbuzo, kodwa kwezinye izimo, eyenziwa indima ngekutimela ikhomishana ezicini ezithile.
• art bakudala migede imidwebo, izithombe, ebaziwe. Lezi zinhlobo zemivubukulo atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi planethi. bayehluka kuphela okuqukethwe, indlela ngokubulawa. Futhi kwakuxhomeke ngesikhathi kudalwa imidwebo, indawo yomuntu lokuhlala, amasiko alo ngokomoya. Isici esiphawulekayo ezikhumbuzo yalolu hlobo siwukuthi bangamalungu phezu kobuso bomhlaba, futhi umsebenzi okhethekile elihlobene ne ukutholakala kwawo, akudingekile ukuba afeze.
• Umgede izikhumbuzo kukhona ezibalulekile emlandweni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umuntu Adalberto isikhathi eside esetshenziswa emhumeni njengoba yokuhlala noma indawo yokukhosela engozini. Khona-ke lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa emikhosini yayiqhutshelwa kubo. Monuments, wathola nasemihumeni, baphathe nengcebo yokwaziswa ngokuphila esikhathini esidlule ejulile.
• Ukuze iqembu elikhethekile esikhumbuzo zihlanganisa okutholakele ezivelayo, imikhumbi, idolobha, amagugu kanye nezinye izinto. Ngokusho kwakhe, futhi, ungayibuyisela esidlule zomlando zabantu.

Iminonjana umsebenzi womuntu, wahlala amashumi, amakhulu futhi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, ngeso elibanzi khona, kuba Eqinisweni obungenakuphikwa. Ezinye zalezi zemivubukulo kahle aziwa ososayensi, umphakathi jikelele, bajwayele umuntu wanamuhla ngenhloso ethile. Ngakolunye zobuciko lesintu esisazokufunda. Kule ndaba, izinhlobo zemivubukulo zihlukaniswe eyaziwa futhi engaziwa. Uhlobo lokuqala amasayithi cwaningo, bavikelwe ngumthetho we State lapho likhona, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, ngokwezinga elithile evikelwe ekubhujisweni. Kwifomu yesibili esikhumbuzo, esisebenza isibili khona, umusa akazi lutho, uma nje kungukuthi sitheza us.

Inkathi indoda bakudala

Imigomo Archaeological kwenkathi bakudala ibonisa ukuthi ukuphila komuntu kuncike izimo zezulu ayephila kuso ngokuyinhloko. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 35-40 edlule, ingxenye enkulu yesimanje European Russia kwaba ezonini sokuhlasela yeqhwa.

Uhlobo eyinhloko umsebenzi womuntu kule nkathi beyifuna, njengoba ezonini periglacial futhi eningizimu yalo vodilos lenqwaba izilwane. Banika hhayi kuphela izingubo nokudla kodwa futhi indawo yokuhlala. Izazimlando ziye athole izinsalela zokuhlala, lapho izinsika asekelayo, izisekelo izakhiwo kanye ozimele babo ezenziwe amathambo ezilwane ezinkulu. Mammoth, reindeer, emhumeni amabhubesi, mammoth obhejane kanye nezinye izilwane eziningi ziye zazingelwa zaze ngabantu basendulo.

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa izindlu kwakudingekile ukuba ngokuphephile ihlanganisa amathambo, ngoba lokhu kwakumelwe nikwenze izimbobo kanye anemifantu. izakhiwo Ehlanganisiwe ezifana isilwane izikhumba efudumele. Ngokuvamile izindawo zokuhlala babe ukuma isiyingi nophahla olucijile.

Futhi wathola okungcwatshwa ngayo abantu - amasayithi eyigugu kunazo zonke kwezemivubukulo inkathi lasekuqaleni. Okwatholakala kusikisela ukuthi itshe futhi isilwane amathambo babe izinto eziyinhloko kuyiphi ukwenza amathuluzi, izikhali nemihlobiso phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo. Nge ushintsho ezimweni zezulu ukushintsha e yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, kanye nezinhlobo umsebenzi womuntu. Indawo eyinhloko babe emathafeni uzamcolo, ezindaweni ezisogwini kwamadamu okugcina amanzi. Kulapha ososayensi njalo ekutholeni zemivubukulo, ezisiza ukuhlola indlela yokuphila yomuntu nezakudala.

Kodwa ukuze uthole umbono ophelele yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ososayensi babe ukufunda semali impahla zomlando. Nge ukuziphatha kahle yokuvubukula mlando kaningi kakhulu emsebenzini ungayitholi zemivubukulo okuqondene kwezinkathi ezahlukene yokuphila komuntu. Lawa okwatholakala ososayensi eyigugu kakhulu.

umbiko weShadi leNzungezo

zemivubukulo Yamatshe Ubudala ziholela esiphethweni ukuthi ukuphela kwalesi sikhathi, umuntu kakade oluthatha indawo enkulu eziphila yayo atholiwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukene Earth. Izindawo zabantu ngenxa sezulu ukufudumala, ukubaleka kwezinguzunga zeqhwa okwakungokokuqala ngqá. Kushintshwe yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene - kukhona amahlathi coniferous, uhlalwe kwezinhlobo ezahlukene izilwane. Inani elikhulu amachibi ezincane nezinkulu, lapho izinhlanzi vodilas, anikeza ugqozi ukuthuthukiswa zokudoba. Futhi abazingela izilwane zasehlathini zihlukile kakade kusukela lapho yayikhona ngaphambi. Amathuluzi nezikhali ezitholakala ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona abantu, nakuba eyenziwe ngetshe, kodwa waba amafomu nezindlela zokwelashwa we indaba neliphelele kunalelo.

zemivubukulo Yamatshe Ubudala ibuye ikhulume iqiniso lokuthi abantu lapho ziyikuqala isiko lenkolo, ubuciko ngabanye. Kugucula tindlela tekuphila nomphakathi. zemivubukulo Yamatshe Ubudala Russian atholakala cishe kulo lonke leli zwe. Ezikhumbuzo okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu itholakala kulokho manje Kaliningrad, eMoscow, Kaluga futhi Tver izifunda, Ussuri esifundeni futhi kwezinye izindawo.

Izinto okumele uzenze esikhathini esidlule

Ukuze kube lula abacwaningi kanye nokwethulwa umyalelo othize kulo mkhakha womsebenzi zonke zemivubukulo zomhlaba alotshwe futhi afakwe ohlwini ekhethekile. Inkomba ephawulwe uyathola okuqondene enkathini ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, icacisa izinhlobo zemivubukulo, uchaza nabo uhlu imiphumela ebalulekile. I degree of ukubhujiswa kunqunywa ngesikhathi ukuthola into zomlando. Ukuze ososayensi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ucacise indawo esiqondile indawo lesikhumbuzo.

Kulezi izinkomba uzothola ulwazi mayelana amaqoqo womphakathi kanye zemibukiso kuwo wonke umhlaba zigcinwa izinto kulezi zindawo ezavubukulwa. Noma yimuphi umuntu onentshisekelo unethuba azijwayeze uhlu izincwadi, okuyinto inikeza incazelo ephelele kakhulu futhi olunembile zemivubukulo, umlando ukutholakala kwayo, intuthuko imisebenzi ehlobene yokwemba. Kungaba ukubhala, archival nemithombo ngokwesayensi.

A kwalokho enkulu ohlwini lwemibhalo kukhona amabalazwe bemivubukulo bokuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, akuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi izindawo Emhlabeni namanje kancane ufundwa mlando.

Guides ukuze zemivubukulo ezikhona ezweni ngalinye. ezikhumbuzo okutheni ensimini ka Russia kufakwe ohlwini ekhethekile, okuyinto ukuhlelwa njengoba ulwazi olusha enikeziwe ososayensi.

ezikhumbuzo Russian bemivubukulo

Imivubukulo endaweni Russia akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike. Abaningi babo babe esithinta umhlaba wonke, ephoqa ososayensi ngenhloso yokushintsha umqondo ogcwele inkambo yentuthuko kanye khona impucuko ezahlukene.

Ngokwesibonelo, e Khakassia, esigodini White Iyusa, ethempelini lasendulo lavulwa ngo-1982. Isakhiwo waphawula kuyinto okusikhumbuza Observatory. Ngemva kokuhlola Imivubukulo izenze ukuba afinyelele isiphetho ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi we Bronze Age abantu ababehlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi eSiberia, sakwazi ukusebenzisa ikhalenda futhi lokhu akwenze ngokunemba ezimangalisayo isikhathi.

Ngisho okwatholakala zimangaza kakhulu endaweni Achinsk. Stick lwendlovu mammoth camera nge iphethini engavamile iminyaka hhayi ngaphansi kuka 18 eziyinkulungwane. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli ndaba futhi uhlobo ikhalenda kwenyanga-solar. Lokhu kusikisela ukuba khona i yamandulo baningi ngisho nangaphezu kwezinwele nesi, umGibhithe, wamaHindu, isiPheresiya Chinese.

Esikhathini sifinyelela engenhla Yenisei, e-Altai, is phakathi abavubukuli Kurgan Arzhan ezaziwayo. Into ezithakazelisayo wukuthi imithetho wakhiwe futhi ilungiselelo ncamashí nalabo okuyiwona izakhiwo yokungcwaba ezakhiwa kwenye indawo futhi ngezinye izikhathi.
Ensimini yase-Asia Ephakathi, ezingxenyeni eningizimu yeSiberia, eCaucasus, izinsalela ngenkasa izinhlelo, imigwaqo, izindawo sokuncibilikisa wathola abavubukuli eCrimea.
ezikhumbuzo Russian bemivubukulo asezindaweni ezikahle kulo lonke isimo. ESiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude futhi ingxenye European yezwe, Urals, eCaucasus, e-Altai - izifunda lapho uyathola zomlando esiyingqayizivele Kwatholakala. Ngo eziningi zalezi zindawo, imivubukulo namhlanje.

Insimu Urals lasendulo

amasayithi Bemivubukulo Urals wayedume ngempela. Ukuba khona wemizi yasendulo kulezi zindawo, izazi-mlando zithi iminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa adlule. Kodwa kuphela ngo-1987, wathatha uhambo ebiyelweyo zokuhlala ezikhethekile Arkaim etholakele. Itholakala Southern Urals, phakathi Yiqiniso engenhla imifula Tobol futhi Ural.

Lolu hambo waqokwa ngenxa yokuhlela ukwakhiwa kulezi zindawo ichibi elikhulu. abavubukuli squad lalinabashumayeli ososayensi ababili, abafundi abambalwa. Akekho kubaholi namalungu bomkhankaso ngangingazi ukuthi ukuba khona okungenzeka isikhumbuzo eliyingqayizivele zomlando ezindaweni asemaqeleni yesifunda Ural. Amafomu nobuntu impumuzo ziye zabonakala ngengozi.

Emhlabeni edolobheni lasendulo, ososayensi baye bathola 21 ngaphezulu isiphetho lasendulo, okhombisa khona Yimizi kuleli zwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu okwatholakala kufakazela waphinda ukuthi zemivubukulo we Urals ahlukile ngempela.

Kulezi zindawo, ososayensi bathole settlement zabantu ababephila lapha iminyaka eyinkulungwane 8-9 edlule. Phakathi kwezinye okutholakele, athole izinsalela izilwane ezifuywayo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ngisho noma umuntu eyingoduso kulinywe yabo.

I lokususa kuphela wukuthi ekumbeni Kwakuseshwa ngobudlabha ayephuli imithetho olwamukelwa neziqondiso. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ingxenye isiphetho wasendulo abhubhisa. Isimo sengqondo esinjalo maqondana umlando kungenziwa wafaneleka njengommemezeli ubugebengu. Ukuvikelwa zemivubukulo kumele kwenziwe ezingeni wombuso.

Umlando Arkaima okutholakele kwakuye kwaqhubeka. Ngu uhlelo zokwakha kwesigubhu, yonke insimu, okuyinto uyisikhumbuzo somlando, kwaba ukuya ngaphansi kwamanzi. Nokho, ngenxa yemizamo kwamanye amalungu omphakathi kanye nososayensi into eyingqayizivele kungaba ukuvikela.

Ngo-1992, yonke indawo, enikezwe Arch, waya Ilmen State Reserve, ekubeni igatsha lawo. Kuze kube manje, sasiqhuba isifundo ephelele lesikhumbuzo. It asetshenziselwe le nhloso hhayi kuphela indlela yokwemba, kodwa futhi nezinye izindlela zanamuhla zesayensi of ukufunda ukwaziswa.

At the site i lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo wathola izinsalela webantfu netilwane. Kwatholakala ukuthi ihhashi ezase zibhaliwe kakade esetshenziswa njengendlela yokuthola ukunyakaza komuntu. amahanisi Kutholakele, amathuluzi asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni yayo.

Ukubumba zimpahla kanye zobumba - ubufakazi eyodwa ngaphezulu ophakamisa ileveli entsha ekuthuthukiseni yezandla. Arrowheads, metal izingxenye amathuluzi ifakazela efanayo.

I okurarako for lendoda wanamuhla kungase kubonakale ukuthi uhlelo namanzi indle itholwe nqaba.

Samara futhi esikhathini esidlule kuye okude

zemivubukulo we neSamara region ngokungavamile kuhluka uhlobo nezinto inkathi ethile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indawo yakwa-Samara yesimanje lalihlala abantu lomunye iminyaka eyinkulungwane 100 edlule. Man bakhangwa izimo ezikahle zemvelo ukuthi kukhona esivela asemaqeleni kanye ihlathi-asemaqeleni zone.

Namuhla, ososayensi bayazi lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili izikhumbuzo lasendulo, lapho kwatholakala esifundeni. Ezinye zazo zisekhona nanamuhla, nakuba abanye abantu abaye balahlekelwa umsebenzi ngenxa yokuchayeka kwabo azifele noma ngenxa yezenzo zesintu. Kukhona ezikhumbuzo eziningi, ukuba khona yaziwa, kodwa umsebenzi wokuvundulula yokutadisha yabo ongakabi usuqalile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi kumbiwa lesikhumbuzo kuyaye kamuva kungaholela ekubhujisweni kwaso. Lokhu kubuye isikhathi imisebenzi kanye emva aphelela, lapho izakhiwo lasendulo bavezwa imvelo bangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, ikhambi isidingo yokwemba kumele ibhalansiswe futhi kubhekwe.
zemivubukulo we neSamara region zihlanganisa amasayithi wezokuHlaliswa kwaBantu lasendulo nemizana, okwakhiwa kuso abantu ezinkathini zakamuva. Mines, ezimayini lapho namaminerali ikhishelwe ukwenziwa amathuluzi nezikhali wezempi, futhi imithombo yolwazi mayelana nemisebenzi yebhizinisi wawobaba.
izindunduma zokungcwaba beskurgannye - izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene zemivubukulo. Futhi iyatholakala inqwaba ensimini ka Samara. Ngenxa okutholakele eziqukethwe amangcwaba, kwabuyiselwa isithombe ngendoda eyaphila lapha, wembula imibono yakhe, ukuhlola ezingeni yentuthuko amasiko zobuciko. Ososayensi baze bakwazi ngisho ukusungula ukubandakanya abantu bazo yobuzwe babo ikakhulukazi.

Abacebile esidlule zomlando Kazakhstan

amasayithi Bemivubukulo Kazakhstan nazo linothile ulwazi mayelana Izindawo zabantu kuleli zwe. Sikhishwe yokuthi ezikhathini wasendulo yayingekho izikhumbuzo ebhaliwe angabhekwa cishe ubufakazi kuphela esikhathini esidlule.

Omunye futhi elalidume kunawo wonke yesikhumbuzo izakhiwo - Besshatyr indunduma - elise ensimini ka Kazakhstan yesimanje. Ukwakhiwa Kugcizelela ne esikalini yayo - sifaka 31 ecabangela ukungcwatshwa kwami. ubukhulu ububanzi we elikhulu okuyinto 104 metres, futhi ukuphakama - 17 amamitha. izakhiwo ezinjalo zikhona nezinye izingxenye zezwe.

izizwe Saks

Abantu okuqondene legatsha esempumalanga ezizweni zamaSkithe ayimizulane kanye lulwimi ayimizulane, ngokuthi bebonke - Saks. Esikhathini yokuqala yeminyaka BC, benza owakhiwe insimu samanje Ase-Asia Ephakathi, Kazakhstan, Southern eSiberia, ugu lwase-Aral Sea.

Izikhumbuzo ze-Archaeological ze-Sakas zavula inzalo yabo indlela yabo yokuphila, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga lamasiko, isiko. Izigxobo zokungcwaba zamathuna zigxila ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuhlala zasebusika. Lezi yizindawo lapho ama-Saks ayewazisa kakhulu.
Ukucwaningwa okwenziwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zabantu kwavunyelwa ukuphetha ngokuthi uhlobo oluyinhloko lomsebenzi wezomnotho wama-Saka abantu lwaluyinkimbinkimbi, i-semidically-settled and settled breeding cattle. Izizwe zaqotshwa izimvu, amakamela, amahhashi. Ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezitholakalayo ngesikhathi sokumba, kwakungenzeka ngisho nokwazi ukuthi yimiphi imfuyo yezilwane uSi ehlwanyelwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqalwa ukuthi abantu bezizwe babehlukaniswe ngezigaba - abapristi, amaqhawe namalungu omphakathi. Phakathi kwabalindi bakhethwa inkosi, owayengumbusi wezizwe, ebumbene ngezivumelwano.

Phakathi kokubaluleke kakhulu kwezesayensi Ngakho izikhumbuzo zezinto ezivubukukayo - njengezizathu zokungcwaba zika-Issyk, u-Uigarak, iTeisken. I-Besshatyr ne-Chiliktinsky izigxobo zokungcwaba ziyaziwa kakhulu ngaphesheya kwezwe laseKazakhstan, eRussia namazwe e-CIS.

Ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwesigodini sase-Issyk, kutholakala izinsalela zomuntu, kanye nendawo ekamelweni elithubeni kwakukhona izinto ezicebile nezinye izinto eziningi zasendlini. Phakathi kwabo, ososayensi babalwa cishe ngezinhlamvu ezine zegolide. Lokhu, cishe, ukhuluma ngesimo esiphakeme somuntu ophumule lapha, nokuthi abantu bakholelwa ukuthi kukhona khona emva kokufa.

Ukuvikelwa kwezikhumbuzo zakudala

Ososayensi kanye nezibalo zomphakathi kwamanye amazwe baye bakhathazeka ngeminyaka ngokuvakashelwa okungekho emthethweni ezakhiweni zezinto futhi babangele ukulimala okukhulu. Ngenxa yomsebenzi osebenzayo walaba bantu, uhlu lwamasayithi okuvubukulwa okuvame ukubhujiswa luhlanganiswa.
Lezi ziqu zomlando zisezindaweni zaseKrasnodar nasePrimorye Territories, Perm, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, Astrakhan nasePenza, eSlovodsk nakwezinye izindawo eziningi zaseRussia. Ingqikithi kulolu hlu oludabukisayo lunezikhumbuzo ezingamashumi ayisithupha, okusolakala ukuthi kuncike ekubuseni kwezwe, nakwazakhamuzi ezivamile.