UHammurabi Ikhodi Law kanye izici zayo. Impahla kanye nezikweletu Sudebnik King uHammurabi

Lezi zobuciko bemivubukulo njengoba uHammurabi Ikhodi Yomthetho, uhlukile. Leli qembu umthetho usumisiwe phakathi BC XVIII leminyaka. Ukuze alondoloze ke ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela, abaseBhabhiloni waxosha umbhalo ikholomu basalt ekuqaleni agcinwe endaweni phakathi iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-ambalwa, lapho amandla liwile, lesikhumbuzo washukumiseleka ukuba eShushani. Manje ningizimu-ntshonalanga Iran. Kulapha kweMithetho ye uHammurabi ukuthi zatholwa abavubukuli French ngesikhathi uhambo 1901-1902 GG.

Incazelo lesikhumbuzo

On the front insika iye esusa. Elamu Lokhu kwakwenziwa, okwakuthatha pole, wasusa inhloko-dolobha yakhe, ebheke empumalanga. laba bantu inkosi yayala ukusula we ilebula yokuqala endaweni khulula ukubika ngokunqoba kwabo okukhulu namandla amakhulu eBhabhiloni.

Noma kunjalo, lokhu akubavimbeli lokhu lesikhumbuzo ukuba isethi endala kwemithetho lwesintu. It lufakwa eshalofini okufanayo nangezinye amakhodi ezamukelwe ngu namasiko ehlukene zezwe ke. Ngokwesibonelo, uHammurabi Ikhodi Yomthetho futhi umthetho Manu, wathola e-India, ngokuvamile kuba nzima izinto sokuhlaziya mutual. Kuyinto le mibhalo enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba baqonde indlela abantu babephila ke nokuthi bebuka nezwe elibazungezile.

Ingxenye engenhla inqanyulwa ingcaca umdwebo ikholomu. Ubonisa le yinkosi uHammurabi. Ube esethandaza Nkulunkulu futhi ubulungisa uShamash ilanga, onikeza umbusi imithetho. Ezinye izindaba zika-kobuso ikholomu ligcwele umbhalo. Ekugcineni, kukhona.

Abacwaningi bahlukanisa lo afanayo ukuze 282 izihloko. Ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yesithombe isusiwe, kusekhona kuphela 247. Ngisho nangemva 1902, abavubukuli baye bathola ukuqhubeka lombhalo ezibhebheni zobumba okwakukade agcinwe nezinye nemizana esifundeni, kanye umtapo abadumile baseNineve.

Umlando sokudalwa

emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi uHammurabi eMesophothamiya kwakukhona isimo eyodwa. Kwakuthinta united emhlabeni Sumer futhi Akkad. Ngemva ayehlasela Amori-abayimizulane elivela emaqeleni ezizungezile lokhu kumiswa ngiyaquleka. Esikhundleni salo kwaqhamuka uthi ezimbalwa ezincane, kuhlanganise neBabiloni. Ngo 1755 BC, King uHammurabi united imibuso ehlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, aphanga eShushani. Kwaba nangemva kwalokhu kunqoba kubalulekile yanyatheliswa sudebnik King uHammurabi.

Imithetho ziwumthombo obalulekile ngenxa yolwazi yomthetho eMpumalanga yasendulo. Imiyalo, eyabonakala lapho uHammurabi, eyathatha amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. I kabusha ikhuphuke kakhulu indzima yembuso e ezimpilweni zansuku zonke izakhamuzi zombuso.

Imibhalo zamatshe zilotshwe e lwesigodi waseBabiloni Akkad. Kulokhu, nokuvula nokuvala ingxenye abe isigqi esithile.

ikilasi lokuqala

Njengezinye amaqoqo imithetho uHammurabi Ikhodi Yomthetho eyethula ocacile emphakathini ngemacembu eziningana emphakathini. Lezinhlobo engenhla babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli izakhamuzi nemiphakathi emincane. La maqembu Unelungelo ukuzibusa. Ilungu ngalinye imfundo etholwe ubunikazi ndawo ezweni evundile. Le nqubo esase sikhona kakade ngesikhathi wokubusa uHammurabi - ke kuphela baqinisekisa lo mkhuba. Amakhosi eBhabhiloni ayengenayo ukugxambukela ezimpilweni zabo, futhi ikakhulukazi hhayi babezama ukulawula ukwabiwa komhlaba. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ayenqatshelwe uthinte lezi iziza. Noma kunjalo, umphakathi njalo ayekhokha izintela zawo endaweni yomcebo yasebukhosini. Lezi zimali zaba ingxenye enkulu nengcebo yombuso waseBabiloni. UHammurabi Ikhodi Yomthetho sabelwe umbusi amandla ukuba amise abadala emphakathini. Ngalesi ithonya lakhe ezimpilweni zabo iphelile. Impahla kanye nezikweletu Sudebnik King uHammurabi kwakuxhomeke kakhulu isimo emphakathini.

Ngaphakathi imiphakathi Kwasakazwa ukuthengiselana kanye nempahla. Izwe ithengiswe, yaqashiswa futhi wenza isihloko eyeqile. Usayizi aviluma ukubeka (umhlali iqembu) kungenzeka kusukela amahektha 1 kuya ku-60.

isigaba sesibili

Abameleli besigaba sesibili nabizelwa mushkenum. Le nkulumo ibhekisela kubantu ababengewona amalungu omphakathi futhi akazange abe isabelo sabo siqu. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ukuthi wamukele komhlaba kahulumeni kanye ayilime, ukuthola a kwencika ezithile emandleni inkosi. Ngokuvamile amalungu esigaba naba abampofu omphakathi, owanikela isabelo sakhe siqu yesikweletu.

Njengoba iBhabhiloni yayiyikomkhulu lamasiko yesifunda, lapha welulela izakhamuzi kwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, base abayimizulane abafisa ezinza ezweni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bathole wagqoka inkosi futhi enkonzweni yakhe. Ngu mushkenum iphathwa ngokulinganayo enhle, izikhulu inkonzo yasobala, futhi abalimi abampofu.

Ikilasi yesibili yayinokufanayo awukho uhulumeni. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe wabusa ngokuphelele ekuphathweni yasebukhosini. Abanikazi of izindawo zomphakathi akunakubangelwa kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Impahla isigaba sesibili uma ziqhathaniswa avilumov impahla kuqashelwe esiqinile, njengoba kwaba umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvumelana 8 sihloko, ukwebiwa mhlaba kuyinto esithola ngokuphindwe kayishumi esihle. Uma isela engenalutho ayengakhokha ngalo esimweni kweyayo ke wabulawa.

Imithombo eyinhloko Sudebnik uHammurabi bathi ubukhulu isimo ekhishwe egqoka kwakuxhomeke kulokho isikhundla owawuse ngekhono nangesu lomuntu. Isevisi zenani iningi priestesses ethempelini kanye abahwebi (tamkarov). Abantu abanjalo ungathola kusuka amahektha 12 kuya ku-75 ezweni. Impahla kanye nezikweletu Sudebnik uHammurabi esasisemgodini inkonzo yezempi, njengoba echaziwe. Amasosha ukubeka ababazi okulungiselelwe kusukela amahektha 9 kuya ku-12. Pastoralists sasaneliswa wesakhiwo kulencane.

izigqila

Ekilasini lesithathu ayeyizigqila, noma vardumy. Laba bantu babe umnikazi, owayenganikela ngokukhululekile bachithe ukuphila kwabo nesikhathi khulula. Ukuze lokubulala isigqila icala encane kakhulu.

Impahla kanye nezikweletu Sudebnik uHammurabi zase ezinqunyiwe indlela enemininingwane kakhulu. Kuyinto ukhathazekile nezigqila. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ukufukamela izigqila nombaleki indoda walinda yesijeziso ekufeni. Zinceku, abamangalelwa ekulweni abakhululekile, wagwetshwa wayinquma indlebe. Futhi angakwenza, futhi inkosi yazo.

isimo sesigqila ngofuzo kwasinda ezimweni lapho ingane izelwe ngowesifazane khulula. Uma umuntu awela ubunikazi isimo noma isigaba sesibili, leso sikhundla sakhe wayengekho esindayo kangaka. Wayengase ukuqala umndeni. Izigqila ukuthi kwathiwa kubangelwa umphakathi, baphila ezimweni ezinzima, njengoba isimo kungaphazamisi ebuhlotsheni babo abanikazi.

Lenye lombhalo esithile ngokuyinhloko kunqunywa isikhundla emphakathini hhayi ingcebo womuntu. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile indlela Basazisa ukuphila yomphakathi futhi kulabo ababesebenza ukuze sisetshenziswe umbuso. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izangoma ekwelapheni aviluma wathola umvuzo amashekeli esiliva 10. Uma isiguli sakhe kuyinto mushkenum, Impilo ke 5. isigqila wanikela 2 lendlu. Uma udokotela uye yokulinyazwa impilo izakhamuzi nomphakathi, angakuqeda esandleni sakhe.

enkantolo

izici Jikelele Sudebnik uHammurabi uthi iBabiloni kanzima kakhulu jezisa ukumangalela okungamanga. Kuyinto incazelo kujeziswa iqala uhlu lwezihloko edwaleni le-basalt. Emshweni wokuqala uthi uma umuntu usolwa lomunye ukubulala kanye wayengakwazi ukufakazela lokhu enkantolo, eziyokhishwa ukuze whistleblowing yakhe. Lokhu kungenxa kobukhulu isimiso isinxephezelo alinganayo (elinye igama - talion). Abantu abaningi bayazi lo mthetho ngoba inkulumo ethi "i-Ilihlo ngelihlo" futhi "izinyo ngezinyo. '

AbaseBhabhiloni babe abantu abakholelwa ezeni kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho emangalelwa ayevamile ubuthakathi. Ubekwe icala lobugebengu babefana bagxuma emfuleni ezijulile, okuyinto ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zenkolo, ngokuvamile unkulunkulu. Ithola wecala lomuntu. Uma ayemazi aminzisa, umshushisi bathathe bili endlini. isiko isahlulelo saphezulu yahlakazeka hhayi kuphela emiphakathini yasendulo. Wayehlala kuze kube Ephakathi, lapho amaKristu kunqunywa icala umuntu ekutheni ke siyosinda isandla lehliselwa emanzini abilayo.

Imithombo eyinhloko uHammurabi Sudebnik ukubika futhi isibopho esiqinile lamajaji. Uma ijaji esethathe isinqumo futhi wakhipha dokhumenti, isiqinisekiso ukuphrinta, yabe isinquma ukuthi siphinde sicabangele ukuthi ikuphi, kumele sikhokhwe inhlawulo enkulu, futhi bancishwa ehhovisi lakhe. Lo mkhuba yasetshenziselwa kamuva eRoma.

Uma inkantolo akakwazi ukuthola umgqekezi wayencisha indoda impahla yakhe, umphakathi wahlupheka umonakalo yayo ukuyithola (Isigaba 23). Lokhu isiqondiso ikhathazekile avilumov kuphela. Uma ukubulawa ilungu lomndeni, khona-ke umuntu khulula wabuyiselwa imali kusukela Community in inani elilodwa umina esiliva (24 isihloko). Lesi isilinganiso basendulo babesebenzisa emasikweni ehlukene, isibonelo eGreece, ngesikhathi esifanayo yonke indawo ibalwa ehlukile. Ngo eBhabhiloni lasendulo, omunye wami cishe 600 grams. Lezi izibopho Sudebnik uHammurabi ingenye izinto ezimbalwa elawula ukuphila omphakathi.

Wawajezisa kanzima kuphangwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kwaba khona umlilo, futhi kwafika umakhelwane endlini indoda khulula, ukuze inzuzo, kungaba ngokushesha kufanele uphonswe emlilweni efanayo. Lokhu ibinzana - ngokoqobo. Lokho kuyisici sobuntu Sudebnik uHammurabi uthi umthetho awukuvimbeli Lynch izigebengu.

kuhlawuliswa

INdodana hit uyise ukulahlekelwa esandleni sakhe. Kulesi nezinye izihloko eziningi yakhiqizwa isimiso ukuthi isijeziso yabekwa "benecala" umzimba. Ukuze puncturing emehlweni senkantolo futhi kunedwala eliyinqaba eliqoshwe amehlo. Kungokufanayo uya for amathambo siphukile, namazinyo eziphukile nezinye ukulimala.

Ukuze ukushaya ngempama somuntu, elalingelamaFilisti ephezulu, wagwetshwa nemivimbo engu-60. Uma kuphakama izingxabano ezinjalo phakathi kontanga (isib phakathi mushkenum), umsunguli wajeziswa ngu esihle.

Wage zabasebenzi kanye ukuhweba

izihloko eziningi ziye enikelwe umsebenzi slipshod futhi inattention. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbazi akha udonga ukuthi wawa emva, kwakufanele bonyana enze ngilakhe ngezindleko zakhe siqu.

EBhabhiloni kwakubaluleke kakhulu boaters amasevisi zithutha izimpahla. Uma iphutha labo ababhubha olunezinsuku umkhumbi, nokunye. E., Bakhandwa akhokhe umnikazi ukubaluleka impahla ubhujiswe. izici Jikelele Sudebnik King uHammurabi wukuthi noma yibuphi ububi obenzile sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi enkantolo yezwe, okungase ukunquma usayizi iqoqo.

Imithetho elawula samaholo zabasebenzi, futhi kunqunywe izindleko izinsizakalo edinga amakhono obuciko, abakhi, abelusi izintengo nokunye. D. Fixed kusiza ukugwema izingxabano phakathi kwezinhlangano.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, isimo ukweba impahla kwakunesijeziso sokufa. Ngokweba esibalwa phakathi kwezinye izinto. Isibonelo, uma umuntu ethenga okuthile kusuka aviluma indodana. Okwenzeka empeleni ukuthi izingane akakwazanga bachithe impahla yomndeni. Kulokhu, umsebenzi ulinganiswa lokweba futhi kuyinto yisigwebo kokufa umthengi. Futhi kuthengiselana jezisa cha ababulawa ngokusebenzisa isivumelwano. Of Umthetho uHammurabi ngokuvamile ngokuqinile isetshenziswa izinkontileka. Ngokwesibonelo, umshado hhayi yakhelwe ne iphepha ezifanele, kwakungafanele athethwe esisemthethweni.

inkonzo yezempi

Abantu abazithola yempi yenkosi, safike wagqoka, okungukuthi, basonta nekilasi lesibili. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu redumu (ngaphandle ezweni lakhethwa omunye nezinkomo) kanye bairum. Isimo amasosha ngofuzo. Uma lempi uye zanqwabelana imali eyanele, wayengase ukuthenga impahla yangasese, kodwa waqhubeka ekhonza. Ukuthengiselana impahla isimo, ngokuvumelana nesiqephu sezwe esisodwa, bavinjelwa. Uma othile uthenga ke (isib izinkomo), ke sasiyolahlekelwa hhayi kuphela ukuthenga kodwa futhi isiliva sakhe.

Lawa kwakungamadodana isikhundla kwezempi nokulolongwa ifayela. Bahlonipha izikhulu - izinduna ten'ses abaphathi. Ngakho ukuthi basungezwe amasosha la kwaba ukuzithiba, uhulumeni wawajezisa kanzima hazing. Ukuhlukunyezwa officer, abandakanya ukuphanga, ezifanelwe yisigwebo sokufa. Redumu babe kakhulu elihamba, kuyilapho neminsalo bairumy ekugcobisa imicibisholo baba.

umndeni

Ikilasi engenhla wahlala emndenini esiqinile. Ngakho, inhloko umndeni wawuvula yisibambiso izingane zabo noma unkosikazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indoda inquma abashadayo esizayo ngesizukulwana sabo. Kepha owesifazane lo wayengumGreki esimweni ukuncika yomkhaya. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana 177 sihloko, kwadingeka ngibe othembekile umyeni ngisho ushonile. Nezizimele, kwaphuma abesifazane kuphela abayizisulu priestesses. Noma kunjalo, ngokuvamile asikwazi ukuba umkhaya, nikela impilo yakhe enkonzweni onkulunkulu (110 izihloko).

Uma engenza inkosikazi ihluleke bazale abantwana kumyeni wakhe, achubeke ke. Ukuze wenze lokhu ayenakho ukuze ahlenge isipho alinganayo yaletha esuka endlini kayise. Ngemva kwalokho isehlukaniso bekuyobhekwa njengento semthethweni. Uma ngesikhathi unkosikazi lomshado akusho ukuthenga nhlobo, umyeni wami kwadingeka ashiye komunye okwami esiliva. Isehlukaniso kulawulwa inkantolo.

Uma unkosikazi elinesimo imvelo anenkani, abazange balilalele naye noma esidlangalaleni ululazekile kuye, waba nelungelo ukumlahla ngaphandle kokukhokha ngenkathi isihlengo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umyeni angase amshiye nayo ayoshada okwesibili. Kulokhu, nowayengunkosikazi unkosikazi waba yisigqila endlini yakhe.

Kodwa inkantolo futhi walivikela futhi unkosikazi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umyeni kwakuyindaba ukudakwa ezahlukene, ngangithanda wakhe ukuze athobise, inkosikazi kungase aye enkantolo, lapho kwadingeka ilungelo ukuba aphume endlini nisuse nabo isipho. Amalungu omndeni yicala zokulala nesihlobo, kwakunesijeziso ashiswa esigxotsheni. Lokhu kubhekwa isono esikhulu nokuhlambalaza.

isiphetho

Ngemva kohlu 282 izihloko ku itshe le-basalt kufanele siphethe ebhaliwe uHammurabi ubuso. Kuyo libala impumelelo wokubusa kwakhe, futhi uthemba ukuthi imithetho ayo ayonika injabulo kanye noxolo ezweni lakhe.

Ekuphetheni, isici jikelele Sudebnik uHammurabi. Inkosi yathi imithetho yakhe kudingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi becindezela ababuthaka. Wabuye wathi ubulungiswa kufanele ingabi eyawo wonke umuntu - kusuka izicukuthwane kuya izintandane nabafelokazi.

Ngo izikhalazo zabo inkosi ngokuvamile uzibiza enhle kakhulu, kakhulu futhi zihlakaniphile. Umthombo leli themba ukuthi Inkosi yawukholelwa uma mithetho yakhishwa kuye onkulunkulu, kuhlanganise uShamash, uMerodaki uphelile amandla, nokunye. D.

izici Jikelele imithetho uHammurabi Sudebnik ezinikezwe indima yokugcina. UMbusi babekholelwa ukuthi, uma ababulawa, ungakwazi Ilungile oda futhi umphakathi ephelele eziyoba khona kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi.