Iziphi izinhlayiya ezenziwa uRutherford? Okuhlangenwe nakho nokuhlelwa kwesipiliyoni sikaRutherford

U-Ernest Rutherford ungusosayensi ohlakaniphile oye wenza izinto eziningana ezitholakalayo ngempela ekhemistry nase-physics. Iyiphi intuthuko i-physics eyayiholela endleleni entsha yentuthuko? Iziphi izinhlayiya ezenziwa uRutherford? Imininingwane ye-biography nemisebenzi yesayense yomcwaningi ukuthola ukuthi kulesi sihloko.

Ukuqala kwendlela yokuphila

I-Biography kaRutherford iqala edolobheni elincane lase-Spring Grove eNew Zealand. Kukhona ngo-1871 i-physicist kanye nososayensi owazalelwa emndenini wabafuduki. Uyise, umScotsman ngokuzalwa kwakhe, wayengumfundisi wezinkuni futhi wayenebhizinisi lakhe. Ukusuka kulo, uRutherford wathola amakhono aklanyelwe wokwenza umsebenzi olandelayo.

Ukuphumelela kokuqala sekuvele kwenzekile esikoleni, lapho, ngezifundo ezinhle kakhulu, wathola isifundo sekolishi. Okokuqala, izifundo zika-Ernest Rutherford eNelson's College, ziya eCanterbury. Ukuba nenkumbulo enhle nolwazi olunembile, uhlukile ngokuhlukile kwabanye abafundi.

URutherford uthola umklomelo wezibalo, ubhala umsebenzi wokuqala wesayensi on physics "Magnetization of iron in high-imvamisa ukukhishwa." Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi, ucela enye yezinto zokuqala zokubona amagagasi amakhulu.

Ngo-1895, i-physicist Rutherford iphikisana noChemist McLaren ukuze abe ne-World Exhibition Fellowship. Ngokungenzeki, lo mphikiswano wenqaba umklomelo, kanti uRutherford unikezwa ithuba elihle lokunqoba izwe lesayensi. Uya eNgilandi waya e-Laboratory Cavendish futhi uba udokotela wesayensi ngaphansi koqondiso lukaJoseph Thomson.

Umsebenzi wezesayensi nempumelelo

Lapho efika eNgilandi, umfundi akasenayo imali eyanele. Uqala ukusebenza njengomfundisi. Umholi wesayensi kaRutherford washeshe waqaphela amandla akhe amakhulu, futhi akazange aphuthelwe. U-Thomson wamema lo mfana ososayensi ukuba athole i-ionization yegesi yi-X-ray. Ngokubambisana, ososayensi bathola ukuthi isimo se-saturation samanje sivela kulokhu.

Ngemuva komsebenzi ophumelelayo noThomson, uya ngokujulile ekutadisheni kwama-Becquerel imisebe, kamuva uMaria Sklodowska-Curie obiza ngokuthi i-radioactive. Ngalesi sikhathi, wenza ukutholakala kwakhe okubalulekile kokuqala, eveza ukuthi kukhona izinhlayiya ezingakaziwa ngaphambili, ukutadisha izindawo ze-uranium ne-thorium.

Kamuva waba nguprofesa eNyuvesi yaseMontreal. Kanye noFrederick Soddy, ososayensi ubeka phambili umqondo wokuguqula izinto ezenzweni zokubola. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uRutherford wabhala imisebenzi yesayense ethi "Radioactivity" kanye ne "Radioactive Transformations", eyamdumisa. Uba ilunga leRoyal Society, unikezwa isihloko esihle.

Ukuze kuhlolwe ukubola kwama-radioactive ngo-1908, u-Ernest Rutherford wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel. Usosayensi wathola ukuphuma kwe-thorium, ukudluliswa kwezinto ezakhiwe phezu kwe-irradiation ye-nitrogen nuclei, futhi wabhala imiqulu emithathu yemisebenzi. Omunye wempumelelo yakhe ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukudala i-nucleus model.

Iziphi izinhlayiya ezenziwa uRutherford?

Ekucwaningeni kwemisebe yomsakazo, uRutherford wayengeyena owokuqala. Ngaphambi kwakhe, le ndawo yayizizwa kahle yi-physicist Becquerel nombhangqwana weCurie. Isimo se-radioactivity satholwa kamuva nje, futhi amandla ayebhekwa njengomthombo wangaphandle. Ngokutadisha ngokucophelela ama-saline e-uranium nezakhiwo zabo, uRutherford waphawula ukuthi imisebe etholakala nguBququerel ayifani.

Ukuhlolwa kukaRutherford nge-foil kubonise ukuthi igoli le-radioactive lihlukaniswe ngezimpande eziningana zezinhlayiyana. Omunye umfudlana we-aluminium foil uyakwazi ukukhipha, omunye angadlula kuwo. Ngamunye wabo isethi yezinto ezincane ezibizwa yi-scientist alpha kanye ne-beta particles noma imisebe. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, umFulentshi uVillar wavula uhlobo lwesithathu lwemisebe, okuthi, njengoba uRutherford abize, kwakuthiwa yi-gamma rays.

Izinhlayiya ezitholwa nguRutherford zathinteka kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-physics ye-nyukliya. Ukuphumelela kwenziwa futhi kwafakazelwa ukuthi amandla avela kuma-athomu e-uranium ngokwawo. Izinhlayiya ze-Alpha zachazwa ngokuthi ama-athomu we-helium ekhokhiswe kahle, izinhlayiya ze-beta zaziyi-electron. Izinhlayiya ze-Gamma ezitholakalayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyimisebe yombane.

Ukubola kwe-radio

Ukutholakala kukaRutherford kwakunikezela isayensi hhayi ngokomzimba kuphela, kodwa kuye. Uyaqhubeka nokufunda i-radioactivity e-University of Montreal eCanada. Kanye ne-chemist iSoddy, benza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo, lapho besazi ukuthi i-athomu iyashintsha ngesikhathi sokuphuma kwezinhlayiya zayo.

Njengabadala bama-alchemists, ososayensi baguqula i-uranium ibe yiholayo, okwenza kube nokunye ukuphumelela kwesayensi. Ngakho, ukubola kwe-radioactive kutholakale . Umthetho okushiwo ukubola, uRutherford noSoddy bachaza emisebenzini ethi "Izinguquko zomsakazo" nangokuthi "Ucwaningo lokuqhathaniswa kwe-radioactivity ye-radium ne-thorium."

Abacwaningi banquma ukuxhomekeka kokuqina kokubola ngenani lama-athomu omsakazo kusampula, kanye nasesikhathini esidlule. Kwaphawula ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umsebenzi wokubola unciphisa i-geometrically. Ngento ngayinye kuthatha isikhathi. Ngenxa yesilinganiso sokubola, uRutherford waphumelela ekwenzeni isimiso sokubola kwesigamu.

Imodeli yeplanethi ye-athomu

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuhlolwa okuningi kwase kuqhutshwe ukuze kuhlolwe uhlobo lwe-athomu kanye ne-radioactivity. URutherford noVillar bavula i-alpha, i-beta ne-gamma imisebe, futhi uJoseph Thomson uvule i -electron. Ulinganisa isilinganiso se-charge-to-mass se-electron futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi i-particle iyingxenye ye-athomu.

Ngokusekelwe ekutholeni kwakhe, uThomson udala imodeli ye-athomu. Usosayensi ukholelwa ukuthi lo mdlalo unomumo oyingqayizivele, kuwo wonke umhlaba lapho kusakazwa khona izinhlayiya ezithweswe kahle. Ngaphakathi kwebhola kukhona ama-electron ahlaselwe kabi.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uRutherford uphikisana nenkolelo yothisha wakhe. Uthi i-athomu ine-nucleus ephikisiwe kahle. Futhi eduze kwakhe, njengamaplanethi azungeze ilanga, ama-electron aphuma ngaphansi kwethonya lama-Coulomb.

Isu sohlolo lukaRutherford

URutherford wayeyisilingo esivelele. Ngakho-ke, ekungabaza isibonelo sikaThomson, wanquma ukuyiphikisa ngesipiliyoni. I-athomu ye-Thomson kwakufanele ibonakale njengefu eliyindilinga lama-electron. Khona-ke izinhlayiya ze-alpha kufanele zidlulele ngokukhululekile kulokhu okubonakalayo.

Ngalolu cwaningo, uRutherford wadala idivayisi kusuka ebhokisini eliholayo elinomgodi omncane lapho kutholakala khona izinto ezivuthayo. Ibhokisi lithatha izinhlayiyana ze-alpha kuzo zonke izikhombisi, ngaphandle kokuthi imbobo yayikuphi. Lokhu kwakha ukugeleza kokuqondisa kwezinhlayiyana. Ngaphambili kwakukhona izikrini eziningana zokuhola ngezintambo zokukhula kokhula izinhlayiya ezishiya inkambo enikeziwe.

I-alpha egxile ngokucacile, eyadlula zonke izithiyo, yayiqondiswe esiceleni esincane kakhulu segolide. Emva kwakhe kwakuyisikrini se-fluorescent. Ukuxhumana ngalunye kwezinhlayiyana nazo kubhalisiwe ngesimo se-flash. Ngakho-ke kwakungenzeka ukugweba ukuphambuka kwezinhlayiya ngemuva kokudlula kulokhu okuyikho.

Ngokumangalisa uRutherford ngokwakhe, izinhlayiya eziningi zahamba ngamapulangwe amakhulu, ezinye zezingu-180 degrees. Lokhu kwavumela ososayensi ukuba acabange ukuthi inqwaba ye-athomu yinto enesisindo ngaphakathi kwayo, kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus.

Isu sohlolo lukaRutherford:

Ukugxeka komodeli

I-model ye-nyukliya kaRutherford ekuqaleni yayigxeka, ngoba yayiphikisana nemithetho ye-electrodynamics yakudala. Ukujikeleza, ama-electron kumele alahlekelwe amandla futhi akhiphe amagagasi kagesi, kodwa lokhu akukwenzeka, okusho ukuthi baphumule. Kulesi simo, ama-electron kufanele awele phansi, kunokuba ajikeleze.

Ukubhekana nalesi simo kwawa uNils Bohr. Uthi i-electron ngayinye ine-orbit yayo. Ngenkathi i-electron ikuyo, ayikhiphi amandla, kodwa ishesha. Usosayensi wethula umqondo we-quanta - izingxenye zamandla, okukhishwa lapho ama-elektroni adluliselwa kwezinye izindlela.

Ngakho, uNiels Bohr waba omunye wabasunguli begatsha elisha lesayensi ye-science. Ukuqinisekiswa kohlobo lukaRutherford kuye kwafakazelwa. Ngenxa yalokho, umqondo wendaba nokuhamba kwawo kushintshile ngokuphelele. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi imodeli ibizwa ngokuthi i-Athomu yeBohr-Rutherford.

Amaqiniso anesithakazelo ngososayensi

Umklomelo kaNobel u-Ernest Rutherford wathola ngaphambi kokuzinikela okubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakhe - wathola i-nucleus ye-athomu futhi wafaka imodeli yeplanethi ye-athomu.

Ukutholakala okuphawulekayo kukaRutherford kwaholela ekukhuleni komkhakha omusha ohlola isakhiwo se-nucleus ye-athomu. Kwakubizwa ngokuthi i-physics yenukliya noma i-nyukliya.

I-physicist yayingenazo ucwaningo nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ibuye ifundise ithalente. Abayishumi nambili kubafundi bakhe babeyizindlalifa zeNobel emkhakheni we-physics kanye namakhemistri. Phakathi kwabo kukhona uFrederic Soddy, uHenry Moseley, u-Otto Gan kanye nabanye abantu abadumile.

Usosayensi uvame ukubizwa ngokutholakala kwe-nitrogen, okuyiphutha. Phela, lokhu kwakungenye uRutherford odumile. Leli gesi lafunyanwa yi-botanist kanye nemithi yamakhemikhali uDaniel Rutherford, owayephila iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambi kwe-physicist evelele.

Isiphetho

Usosayensi waseBrithani u-Ernest Rutherford uye waba udumo phakathi kwabasebenza nabo ngenxa yesifiso sakhe sokuhlola. Kuzo zonke izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe, usosayensi uye wahlola okuningi, lapho akwazi ukuvula izinhlayiyana ze-alpha ne-beta, akhiqize umthetho wokubola nokuphila kwengxenye, ukuthuthukisa imodeli yeplanethi ye-athomu. Ngaphambi kokukholelwa ukuthi amandla angumthombo wangaphandle. Kodwa ngemva kokuba izwe lesayensi lithole ukuthi yiziphi izinhlayiya uRutherford azitholile, izazi ze-physics zashintsha izingqondo zabo. Impumelelo yososayensi yakusiza ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinkulu ekuthuthukiseni i-physics kanye ne-chemistry, futhi yabe negalelo ekuveleni kwembonini efana ne-physics ye-nyukliya.