Spare ama-carbohydrate wezitshalo, indima yayo enjongweni yokuphila

Enye yezindlela zokuzivikela zezitshalo nezilwane ezivela ezimweni ezimbi kwakuwukuqoqwa kwemithombo yokugcina impahla. Inqubo ephumelelayo kakhulu ngezikhathi zokudla okwanele kwezakhi ezivela ngaphandle.

Ukuphila okungokwemvelo emhlabeni wethu kune-carbon base, okwakusungula "i-chemistry" yezwe eliphilayo.

"Chemistry" yezitshalo

Ukuziphendukela kwezinto eziphilayo kuye kwaveza izinhlobo eziningana ezibalulekile zezinto, njengama-proteine, ama-carbohydrate namafutha. Ngamunye wabo unendima yawo siqu.

Amaprotheni (ama-peptide, ama-polypeptide) emafetheni ezitshalo ahlanganisa izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, enye yazo i-photosynthetic.

Kanye nalokhu, yiprotheni eyithwalayo yolwazi ngokuhlukaniswa kweseli.

Amafutha, noma i-triglycerides - yizinhlanganisela zemvelo ze-glycerol ne-monobasic fatty acids. Indima yamafutha kumaseli esitshalo inqunywa umsebenzi wokuhleleka kanye namandla.
Ama-carbohydrate (ushukela, ama-saccharide) aqukethe ama-carbonyl nama-hydroxyl. Indima ebalulekile yezinto kukhona amandla. Hlukanisa inombolo enkulu ye-carbohydrate ehlukene, kokubili i-soluble ne-insoluble emanzini. Futhi, izici zamakhemikhali ze-carbohydrate ngayinye zithatha indima yayo eyinhloko.

I-starch yi-carbohydrate enkulu yokugcina izitshalo

I-carbohydrate engenayo idlala indima yesitoreji samandla esitshalo. I-main reserve substance - i-carbohydrate yezitshalo - isitashi. Ngenxa yokungasebenzi kwawo emanzini, ingagcinwa esitokisini ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ibhalansi ye-osmotic kanye namakhemikhali.

Uma kunesidingo, i-carbohydrates plant-starch - igcina i-hydrolysis ekwakheni ishukela e-soluble (i-glucose) namanzi. I-compound ephumela ekutholeni itholakale kalula futhi ifakwe ama-enzyme ku-carbon dioxide namanzi, ekhulula amandla adingekayo.

Spare ama-carbohydrate esitokisini zezitshalo

Kunezinhlobo zamanye ama-carbohydrate enza njengendawo yokugcina amandla. I-non-basic reserve substance - i-carbohydrate yezitshalo - i-inulin. Ihamba ngezinqamuzana zezitshalo ngendlela efakwe ngobuningi. Inani elikhulu laleli qembu litholakala ezitshalweni ezifana nedahlia, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema, i-garlic ne-elecampane. Njengomthetho, inani eliphakeme liqukethwe kwizilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nezimpande zezitshalo.

Enkambeni ye-hydrolysis noma yokuvutshelwa, i-carbohydrate engasiza yezitshalo iyanqamuka ngokuphelele ibe yi-fructose. Kuhlanganiswe nokwakhiwa kwe-sucrose, i-saccharide elula.

I-carbohydrate enkulu yokugcina isitshalo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinye i-carbohydrate, ngaphandle kwe-inulin, edlala indima yokugcina amandla. Zihlanganisa eziningi zezinto ezifana noshukela. Isibonelo, ezimpandeni zezinyosi, i-disaccharide ifakwa - i-sucrose (siyaziwa ngokuthi ushukela). Izithelo nemifino eminingi, i-spare plant carbohydrate igcinwa ngendlela ye-sucrose ne-fructose. Ukunambitheka okumnandi kuyisibonakaliso sokuba khona kwedatha ye-mono- noma i-disaccharide.

Ezinye izitshalo zokugcina amandla

Njengoba umsoco wokugcina ungasebenzisa i-hemicellulose. Unokufana okuphezulu ne-fiber. Awuhlanjululwa emanzini. Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-acids ebuthakathaka, ihlukaniswa ibe yi-monosaccharides elula. Ifakwa emaqokeni wezinhlamvu zezitshalo eziningi. Ubukhuni be-hemicellulose buphakeme kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa "imifino yendlovu". Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinkinobho kanye nemithi. Ngenkathi yokuhluma, imbewu yenziwa i-hydrolyzed by enzyme ibe ushukela osiwolayo futhi idliwe ukudla kombungu.

Ubukhona be-carbohydrate engasese yisimo sokusinda

Inqubo yokwakheka kanye nokuxhunyaniswa kwama-carbohydrates emafenjini esitshalo yingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-metabolism ngaphakathi kweseli yesitshalo. Ama-carbohydrate, angadlala indima yesitoreji samandla, ahlinzeke ukuvikelwa ezimo ezimbi. Ngesikhathi kuhluma imbewu kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zinikeza izakhi ezidingekayo ngesikhathi sokuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo.

Ingqamuzana yomzimba wesitshalo uhlelo oluyingqayizivele. Inani lezinqubo "zokusebenza" kulo lifaniswa nezimoto eziyizigidi ezilodwa. Lolu uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi ngempela, njengesitshalo sonke esincane. Ubuhlakani nokunemba kwemvelo kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwayo kufanele kuhlonishwe kakhulu.