Solon Reforms

Umphakathi wase-Athene ekhulwini lama-VI BC. E. Uthole izinguquko eziningana. Lesi sikhathi sabizwa ngokuthi "inkathi enkulu yase-Athene" futhi sabonakala ukwanda kwengxenye yabantu ababesebenza kwezohwebo nokuhweba. Uhlobo olusha lwabantu, oluhlukile kobukhosi baleso sikhathi, lwabizwa ngokuthi i-demos, elisho ngokuhunyushwa ngokuthi "abantu". Amademoni ayengqubuzana nomkhakha ohloniphekile womphakathi, ezama ukuza emandleni, okwakudingeka ukulwa nalolu daba. Indima enkulu kulokhu idlalwe yizinguquko zikaSolon, imiphumela eyalinganiswa nokuguquka kwezombangazwe.

USolon wayengomunye wabahlakaniphileyo abayisikhombisa baseGreece. Wayengumguquleli odumile owashintsha umqondo wokuphila kwezombusazwe wase-Athene. Intando yeningi esungulwe ngokubamba iqhaza kwayo yakwenza umphakathi uthuthuke kakhulu. Yini eyandulela lokhu? Izazi-mlando zichaza le nkathi yesikhathi kanje. Isimo somnotho e-Attica sahlaselwa iminyaka eyikhulu, futhi inqubomgomo yokubandlulula yeziphathimandla kubantu abavamile yaphoqelela abantu ukuba baphile ngobumpofu futhi badonsele ebukhosini obubi. Abalimi behlala behlala esikweletini, bengazi ukuthi bangathola kanjani izindlela, ukuze bahlinzekele umndeni. Babekwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, lapho kwakungekho indlela yokuphuma. Abantu abampofu kwakudingeka babeke izwe labo, bathengise izingane zabo ebugqilini futhi bazibeke. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekuziphatheni komphakathi emphakathini nasezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi. Noma yimuphi umbuzo womuntu ovamile, oceliwe ngabanikazi, azinakwa. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu kwakwandisa kakhulu. Ukunganeliseki kwakungeyona nje abahlali abampofu, kodwa futhi nabantu abambalwa abacebile nabangekho kakhulu . Ngaphambi komphakathi kulindele izinguquko zikaSolon.

Iphuzu lokugcina lokubekezela kwabantu kwakunqotshwa empini namaMegars ilungelo lokuba nesiqhingi saseSalami. Lokhu kwenzeka ngekhulu lesi-7. Okuthakazelisayo yiqiniso lokuthi emva kwalokho, i-Athene ivinjelwe ukubiza igama lelesi siqhingi. Kodwa zikhona njalo abantu abaphula imigomo. KwakunguSolon, owaba ngumlamuleli phakathi kwama demos kanye nama-aristocracy. Wahlonishwa bobabili. Wabhala izinkondlo ezazibonwa ngokuhlukile ngabantu. Wawafunda esigcawini, wathinta ama-Athene, wabakhuthaza ukuba balwe neMegars. Eyesaba isijeziso esinzima kunazo zonke, waxosha amahemuhemu ngobuhlanya bakhe. Kamuva wahola ibutho nempi futhi waqala impi yesibili neMegars. Ngalesisikhathi i-Athene yaphuma inqobile. Lokhu kwamenza wathandwa, waba ngumlamuleli ekuxazululeni izinkinga zomphakathi. Izinguquko ezilandelayo zalandelwa uSolon. Babenjani?

Ekuqaleni wakhansela zonke izikweletu. Lokhu kwakuyizinguquko zokuqala zikaSolon - iSisakhphia. Abasimilayo bakwazi ukubuyela ezweni labo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkululeko yentando yasungulwa. Lokhu kwanciphisa indima eyinhloko yobukhulu bezizwe. Umgomo oyinhloko we-sage kwaba intando yeningi e-Athene. Indima yakhe ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi yabonwa futhi yaziswa.

Ukuguqulwa okulandelayo kweSolon kwakubhekene nokusabalalisa kwezimali ezweni, kwasiza ukunikeza abantu abampofu isinkwa. Izinguquko ezinkulu zenzeke ezombusazwe nasesimweni sezenhlalakahle, ukubalwa kwabantu kwaqala kanye nemali yezakhamuzi zezwe yabhalwa. I-Areopagi yaba yisigungu esiphezulu kakhulu ezweni, futhi iPentakomiomedim yangena. Izinguquko zikaSolon nazo zathinteka ekuhlolweni kwejaji. Inkantolo yatholakala kusukela manje kuze kube yilokho okwakubonisa ukuthi i-Atrocratization yase-Athens. Ukubaluleka komsebenzi we-Athenian sage kuhle. Yiqiniso, akuyona yonke into uSolon akwenza eyanelisayo kuzo zonke izigaba zabantu emphakathini wase-Athene, kepha lokho ayekusebenzisa kungalinganiswa nokuguqulwa kwezombusazwe, lokhu kwashintsha uhlelo lwezwe. Ngemizamo yezibalo ezinjalo, isondo lomlando lijikeleza ngokushesha.