Yiziphi ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Kuningi izinguqulo mayelana nomsuka wezwe. Mhlawumbe, ososayensi abanokwethenjelwa kakhulu banikela uDarwin emisebenzini yakhe edumile. Wayebukeka ebufakazini obukhona bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwathi ngemva kokuphenywa ngokuphindaphindiwe nokuqinisekiswa. Amaqiniso akhuluma ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezwe eliphilayo ayanelisekile futhi ahlukene. Bakhombisa ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zivela ezinhlobonhlobo ezikhona kakade ngenxa yenguquko yefa.

Kuhle kakhulu ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwezilwane, kanye nezitshalo ezithile, kubhaliwe ezinsalela zemvelo, okusebenza njengenye yeziqinisekiso zokuthi izinto zakhiwe kanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le "ngxelo ye-paleontological" ikuvumela ukuthi ubuyekeze imininingwane ngayinye ye-phylogeny. Lezi zinsalela akuzona nje amazinyo, amathambo noma ezinye izingxenye ezinzima zezitshalo noma izilwane eziye zagcinwa, kodwa futhi nanoma yiziphi izimpawu noma izimpawu ezishiya izilwane ezikhona. Kumelwe kuthiwa okwamanje nje ingxenye encane yeziphi izinhlobo zokuphila ezikhona emhlabeni. Qhubeka ukuhlola nokugcina lezi paleontologists, ososayensi abathintekayo ekuqoqweni nasekuchazeni idatha eziphilayo zasendulo.

Kumelwe kuthiwa ubufakazi bokuthi izinto eziphilayo zikhona zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningana. Ngakho-ke, zikhona iziqinisekiso ezisekelwe ekubumbeni kwemvelaphi yezwe eliphilayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo zinezinto ezifanayo zokuqala zamakhemikhali. Kubaluleke kakhulu ezenzakalweni zempilo nasezilwaneni, nasebhaktheriya nasezitshalweni, amaprotheni kanye ne- nucleic acids, ehlala yakhiwe kusuka ezingxenyeni ezifanayo. Cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo zinesakhiwo seseli . I-ATP isetshenziselwa njenge-molecule eqoqa amandla.

Ososayensi basekhaya nabangaphandle baye bathola ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, uhlobo lwe-embryological. Njengomphumela wokutadisha okujulile, kunokufana okuphawulekayo kwezilwane eziningi ezihlukahlukene embusweni wama-embryonic. Okuphawulekayo ngokuphawulekayo yizibonakaliso ezifanayo emibungu efunda ekilasini elifanayo noma uhlobo. Ngakho-ke, kuma-vertebrates omhlaba, ibhukhimakhi lamagqabha e - gill amakwe ngendlela efanayo nakwezinhlanzi, nakuba ayinayo ukubaluleka kokusebenza kubantu abadala. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo zinobunye obuvela emzimbeni . Ukubonakaliswa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kufaka phakathi izingxenye zomuntu, okungukuthi, izingxenye ezingakhiwe noma izitho zomzimba. Okuvamile kulezi zihlanganisa i-coccyx, eyithambo eliyisigxathu elivela kuma-vertebrae ambalwa. Uma sekusekwa umsila, noma kunjalo, ngokushintshelela ekutheni isidingo saso sawa. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi sitho kumuntu sisencane, kodwa, ukutholakala kwalo kuqinisekisa inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Kumele futhi kuqashelwe i-atavism. Kuqondwa njengokubonakala kwesici esithile, okuyisici sokhokho, kepha ngokujwayelekile akufanele kube khona kumuntu wanamuhla. Isibonelo, kungaba ukukhanda okunamandla, ukutholakala kwezinhlayiya ezingaphezu kweyodwa zomzimba wezibeletho, njll.

UMarku nobufakazi bokuziphatha kwemvelo. Phakathi kwabo, amafomu ahlanganisa izimpawu zezinyunithi ezinkulu ezihlelekile zenani elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi baqaphele iqiniso lokuthi kwezinye izilwanyana ezakhiwe yizilwane ezisezingeni eliphezulu zifana ncamashi, naphezu kokuthi benza imisebenzi ehlukene.

Izinto ezicebile zesayensi zesifundo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo zinikeza ukuqhathaniswa kwezwe lesilwane ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobonhlobo nezinhlobo zeplanethi kanye nokuqoqa kwabo ngokwengeziwe ngokusho kwemvelo kubonisa ngokucacile inqubo yokuthuthukiswa komlando kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.