Izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinsawoti nezindlela zokulungiselela

Amasile yizinto ezikhona ekilasini lamakhemikhali angafani, ahlanganisa i-anion (i-acid residu) ne-cation (i-athomu yensimbi). Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zinto ziyinkimbinkimbi yembala ehlukahlukene futhi i-solubilities ehlukene emanzini. Ummeli olula welilasi lezinhlanganisela yi- sodium chloride (NaCl).

Amasila ahlukaniswe abe omuncu, avamile futhi ayisisekelo.

Ukujwayelekile (isilinganiso) kwenziwa ezimweni lapho i-asidi yonke i-athomu ye-hydrogen ithathelwa esikhundleni se-athomu zensimbi noma lapho wonke ama-hydroxyl asezindaweni ezithathwa yi-acidic acids (isibonelo, MgSO4, Mg (CH3COO) 2). Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwe-electrolytic, zibola zibe yizinhlayiya zensimbi ezithweswe kabi futhi zikhokhise izinsalela ze-asidi ezingalungile.

Izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinsawoti zaleli qembu:

• ukubola uma kutholakala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu;

• uthola i-hydrolysis (ukuxhumana namanzi);

• ungene ekuphenduleni kokushintshaniswa nama-acids, amanye ama-salts nezisekelo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ezinye izici zalezi zenzo:

- ukusabela nge-asidi kudlula kuphela uma le- asidi inamandla kunalokho okuvela kuwo usawoti;

- ukusabela ngesisekelo kudlula lapho kwenzeka khona into engasebenzi;

- Isixazululo sikasawoti siphenduka ngensimbi uma sibhekene nokucindezeleka kwe-electrochemical kuya kwesokunxele sensimbi eyingxenye kasawoti;

- I-saline compounds ekuxazululeni izixazululo phakathi komunye nomunye, uma kukhishwa umkhiqizo wokushintshanisa ongasetshenzisiwe;

• I-Redox, engahle ihlobene nezakhiwo ze-cation noma i-anion.

Amanoni ase-acidic atholakala ezimweni lapho ingxenye yama-athomu e-hydrogen e-asidi ithathwa khona yi-athomu zensimbi (isibonelo, i-NaHSO4, i-CaHPO4). Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwe-electrolytic benza ama-hydrogen nezinsimbi zensimbi, ama-anion we-acid asele, ngakho-ke amakhemikhali ama-salti alaleli qembu afaka izici ezilandelayo zombili usawoti kanye nama-acid compounds:

• ahlakazekile ngokomoya ukuze enze usawoti ovamile;

• sebenzisana no-alkali, ukwakha usawoti ovamile.

Ama-salts ayisisekelo atholakala ezimweni lapho kuphela ingxenye yamaqembu e-hydroxyl ezisekelo ezithathwa yi-acid acidic residues (isibonelo, Cu (OH) noma Cl, Fe (OH) CO3). Amakhemikhali anjalo ahlukaniswa ngamakhemikhali ensimbi kanye nama-anion we-hydroxyl ne-acid asele. Izakhi zamakhemikhali zamanoni aleli qembu zihlanganisa izici zamakhemikhali eziphawulekayo kokubili izinto zethusi kanye nezisekelo ezinkanyezi ngesikhathi esisodwa:

• Ukuchithwa okushisayo;

• sebenzisana ne-asidi.

Kukhona futhi umqondo wezinsawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezibili.

Inkimbinkimbi iqukethe i-anion eyinkimbinkimbi noma i-cation. Izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinsawoti zalolu hlobo zibandakanya ukusabela kokubhujiswa kwezinkimbinkimbi, kuhambisana nokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukushintshanisa i-ligands phakathi kwezingxenye zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

I-double inezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene futhi zingasabela ngezixazululo ze-alkali (ukusabela okuncipha).

Izindlela zokuthola usawoti

Lezi zinto zingatholakala ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

• ukusebenzisana kwama-acids ngezinsimbi ezikwazi ukuhambisa ama-athomu e-hydrogen;

• Ukubhekana nezisekelo kanye nama-acids, lapho amaqembu ase-hydroxyl ezisekelo ezishintshaniswa ngama-acidic asele asele;

• umphumela wama-acids kuma-oxide amphoteric kanye nesisekelo, ama- salti noma izinsimbi;

• isenzo sezinsisekelo kuma-oxide e-asidi;

• ukusabela phakathi kwama-acidic acidic and basic;

• ukusebenzisana kwamanoni ngamanye amancane noma ngezinsimbi (ukusabela okufaka endaweni) ;

• ukulungiswa kwesawoti ekusebenziseni izinsimbi ngezingavamile;

• amakhemikhali ensawoti acacile atholakala ngokusabela kosawoti ophakathi ne-asidi efanayo;

• izinto eziyisisekelo usawoti zitholakala ngokusebenzisana kosawoti nge-alkali encane.

Ngakho-ke, usawoti ungatholakala ngezindlela eziningi, ngoba zakhiwe ngenxa yemiphumela eminingi yamakhemikhali phakathi kwezinto ezihlukahlukene nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene.