I-telescope iyithuba lokubheka indawo yonke

Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi i-telescope iyinsimbi ebonakalayo eyenzelwe ukugcina imizimba yasezulwini. Ngempela, umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukuqoqa imisebe ye-electromagnetic eyakhishwa yizinto ezikude nokuyiqondisa ekugxilweni lapho isithombe esandisiwe sakhiwa noma isignali esikhulisiwe isakhiwe. Kuze kube manje, kunezibonakude eziningi ezahlukene - kusukela ekhaya, ezingathengwa nanoma ubani, ezibheke ngokucacile, njenge "Hubble", ezikwazi ukubuka izigidi nezigidi zeminyaka yokukhanya ejulile e-Universe ...

Umlando omncane

Kucatshangwa ukuthi owokuqala wabonakala ngo-1609, i-telescope yama-lens amabili yasungulwa nguGalileo Galilei. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akunjalo. Ngonyaka odlule, u-Dutchman Johann Lipsersgay wayefuna ukugunyaza idivayisi yakhe, ehlanganisa ama-lensi afakwe ngaphakathi kwiphubhu, eyayiqamba ngokuthi "i-telescope", kodwa wenqatshwa ngenxa yokulula komklamo.

Ngisho nangaphambili, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, isazi sezinkanyezi uTomas Digges sazama ukugcina izinkanyezi ngezibuko ze-concave nama-lens. Yiqiniso, lo mbono awuzange ufike ekuphethweni kwawo okunengqondo. UGalileo waba nje "ngesikhathi esifanele, endaweni efanele": wahola ipayipi likaLippersgay esibhakabhakeni, wavula izikhonkwane nezintaba phezu kweNyanga nezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo. Yingakho ibhekwa njenge-astronomer yokuqala ukusebenzisa i-telescope. Lokhu kwaholela esikhathini sezinkombinkimbi zokuqhafaza.

Izinhlobo zemishini yokukhanya

Ukwehlukanisa izibonisi ezibonakalayo ezinhlotsheni kungase kusekelwe ohlobo oluyisisekelo lento eqoqa ukukhanya esibukweni, esibukweni kanye nesibuko-lens (okuhlangene). Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo inezinzuzo nezinzuzo zayo, ngakho-ke uma ukhetha uhlelo olufanele, izici eziningana kufanele zicatshangelwe: izimo nezinhloso zokubheka, izidingo zokulingana, isisindo nokuthutha, intengo, njalo njalo. Ake sizame ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi i-telescope iyini, futhi yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zezinhlobo zayo ezidumile kakhulu. Ngakho, i-telescope ibukeka kanjani?

I-telescopes lensiza ye-Refractive

Kulezi telescopes zisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa i-lens, okuyinto ngenxa yesivinini sayo iqoqa ukukhanya. Kanye nakwamanye amadivaysi optical (amakhamera, ama-microscopes, njll), wonke ama-lensi ahlangene kudivayisi eyodwa - lens.

Njengamanje, amakholesikhi angenalutho asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amateurs, ngoba kubalwa ukubonwa kuphela amaplanethi aseduze neNyanga.

Amapulangwe:

• Design design elula, ukwethembeka futhi lula ukusetshenziswa.
• Ayidingi isondlo esikhethekile.
• Ukunikeza umbala omuhle kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-apochromatic futhi okuhle kuma-achromatic.
• Ngokuphawulekayo kufanelekile ukubuka izinkanyezi ezimbili, amaplanethi, inyanga, ikakhulukazi ukuvula okukhulu.
• Ukusheshisa okusheshayo.
• I-lens ayidingi ukulungiswa, njengoba ilungiswa umenzi ngisho nangesikhathi sokukhiqizwa.

Izinkinga:

• Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-countydioptrikami nababonakalisi, babe nezindleko eziphakeme ngayinye ububanzi be-lens.
• Ububanzi obuningi bokuvulwa komkhawulo bukhawulelwe ngamanani futhi bunzima.
• Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa ekuvuleni, abaqashi ngokuvamile abafanelekile ukugcina izinto ezikude, ezibuthakathaka.

I-mirror telescopes-izibonakaliso

I-telescope yokubukisa iyisetshenziswa sokukhanya, lapho umsebenzi we-lens wokuqoqa ukukhanya owenziwa ngesikrini. Isibuko esiyinhloko singaba ububanzi obukhulu (spherical) noma esikhulu (ngokuphambene).

Amapulangwe:

• Uma kuqhathaniswa nabakwa-katadioptrikami nabaqaphi, izindleko ngamakhilomitha ububanzi bomnyango ziphansi.
• Compact futhi elula zokuhamba.
• Ngenxa yokuvuleka okukhulu, basebenza ngokuphawulekayo ngokubheka izinto ezikude nezincane: izigaba zezinkanyezi, ama- nebulae, izinkanyezi.
• Ayikho i- chromatic aberration. Izithombe zikhanyayo, ezinokuphazamiseka okuncane

Izinkinga:

• Ukuqeda imithi kuthatha isikhathi, ngenxa yesibuko esikhulu seglasi.
• Isithombe siphutha kancane ngenxa yombhobho ovulekile, ongavinjelwe emoyeni ofudumele nothuli.
• Ngezikhathi ezithile, ukulungiswa kwezibuko kuyadingeka, okungalahleka ngesikhathi sokusebenza noma ukuhamba.

I-Mirror-lens, noma i-catadioptric

I-telescope ye-catadioptric iyinsimbi ebonakalayo lapho izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphazamiseka kwesithombe zinciphisa ngokusebenzisa izibuko kuzo kanye nokulungisa amalensi. Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya ngaphakathi kwiphubhu kubonakala izikhathi eziningana, ukugxila kungase kube isikhathi eside. Amanye amamodeli akwazi ukuthatha isithombe. Uma sisebenzisa i-catadioptric telescope kule njongo, izithombe zizoba ngekhwalithi enhle kakhulu.

Amapulangwe:

• Ukulungiswa kwezimo eziphezulu zezinga eliphezulu.
• Kuhle ukubuka izinto zombili eziseduze, njengeNyanga, futhi ngemuva kwezinto ezikude.
• Ipayipi evaliwe ivikela ngokusuka othulini nasemanzini afudumele emoyeni.
• Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-reflecteurs kanye nabaqaphi abanokuvulwa okufanayo, ukugcina ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kunala.
• Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-refractor, izindleko zokuvula ezinkulu ziphansi kakhulu.

Izinkinga:

• Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-thermostabilization.
• Izindleko zokuvula okulinganayo zikhulu kunalezo zokubukisa.
• Ukuzivumelanisa nokuzivumelanisa kunzima ngenxa yobunzima bokuklama.

Izindawo zesikhala zamanje zamanje

Ngemva kokuhamba ngendlela ende (iqala nge- telescope yekhulu le-XVII futhi iphela ngama-giants okuzenzekelayo), i-telescope yavula amathuba amakhulu ekutadisheni isibhakabhaka sezulu. Kodwa kunezici eziningi ezivimbela noma ubani, ngisho ne-telescope esekelwe phansi kakhulu, kusukela ekuqhubeni ucwaningo. Lezi zingabandakanya kokubili ukuvezwa nokuhlukunyezwa, kanye namafu angabonal. Iziteshi zesikhala esinqunyiwe kule ndaba zinenzuzo enkulu, ngoba zikwazi ukusebenza ngehora, kuzo zonke izimo zesimo sezulu, zithumela izithombe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kancane kwezulu. Esinye isiteshi esinjalo yi-Hubble Space Telescope. Izithombe ezenziwe ngama-optics akhe ngokugcwele zibonisa izinto ezikude kakhulu zendawo yonke, zisuswe yizigidi zamakhilomitha, zivumela izinkanyezi ukuthola izinkanyezi ezintsha, amaplanethi nemighala.