Bangaki abantu abahlala eRussia? Ukwakhiwa kwabantu baseRussia. I-Russia: indawo, inani labantu

Bangaki abantu abahlala eRussia? Ngokuqinisekile le ndaba inentshisekelo kubaningi bezwe lethu. Ngokusho kukaRosstat, kusukela ngo-March 30, 2014, inani labantu abahlala njalo eRussian Federation babengabantu abangu-146,019,512. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu abantu ahlala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe, ephethe ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi nesishiyagalombili wensimu yonke, lapho abantu baseCentral Russia bangamaphesenti angaba ngu-30. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwesibalo kusatshalaliswa kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-2014, inani labantu liyi-8.4 abantu. Ngamakhilomitha ayikwele eyodwa. Emadolobheni kunamaphesenti angu-73.86 kubo bonke abakhileyo (ulwazi ngo-2013).

Ukubalwa kwe-akhawunti

Embusweni waseRussia, ukubalwa kwabantu kuqala kwaqhutshwa ngo-1897, kwabonisa ukuthi abantu (ngaphakathi kwemingcele yamanje) babengabantu abayizigidi ezingu-67 473 abayizinkulungwane. Manje eRussian Federation, izintambo zesintu zihlale ziqashwe. Izibalo zabantu baseRussia zigcinwa ngokusebenzisa i-akhawunti yamanje yenkampani yemvelo eyenziwe yiRossst kanye nezinhlangano zayo zendawo, kanye namahhovisi okubhalisa abantu; Ukubhaliswa kwamanje kokunyakaza kokufuduka, okwenziwe lapho kufika amahhovisi epasipoti. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu lobalo kubalo. Ukubalwa kwabantu kokugcina kwabantu baseRashiya kwenziwa ngo-2010. Futhi, i-akhawunti yamanje ikhona, evumela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuhlola isimo sabantu esifundazweni.

Ukubunjwa kwezwe

UMthethosisekelo uthi iRussia iyisimo samazwe angaphandle. Abamele abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili bahlala endaweni yawo. Abantu baseRussia baseRussia (ngokusho kokubalwa kwabantu ngo-2010) bangamaphesenti angama-77,71 enani labantu abahlala kulo (izigidi ezingu-111 ezivela kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-142.9). Abantu bezinye izizwe, kanye nalabo abangazange baveze ubuzwe bomuntu, bakha (ngokwezibalo zango-2010) okungenani amaphesenti angu-22.2 wabantu (31.8 million). Ukuze siqhathanise, ake sicacise idatha yohlu lwabantu abedlule olwenziwa ngo-2002. Khona-ke izibalo zabantu baseRussia ngokubunjwa kwezwe zahluka kancane. Ngaphandle kwenani labahlali abayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-145.2, izakhamizi zaseRashiya zaziyizigidi ezingu-115,9 (amaphesenti angu-79.83), abantu bezinye izizwe kanye nezigidi ezingama-29.3 (20.2%) abangazange bachaze ubuzwe balo muntu. Abantu baseRashiya basatshalaliswa kakhulu kulo lonke izwe. Isibonelo, ezindaweni ezinjalo zezwe njengeDagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, inani lamaRussia lingaphansi kwamaphesenti amahlanu esamba inani labantu.

Izilimi

Izilimi ezingaphezu kwekhulu nezilimi ezihlobene nemindeni yamaLimi, ama-Uralic, ama-Indo-European , amaqembu asePaleo-asiatic namaCaucasia, kusho inani labantu. IRussia ngesikhathi esifanayo inelimi olulodwa olusemthethweni - isiRussia (Isigaba 68 soMthethosisekelo). Ungowokuzalwa kwabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyikhulu namashumi amathathu, okungaba ngu-92% wabantu. Izilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu kunazo zonke, ngaphandle kweRussia, ziyi-Ukraine, isi-Belarusian, isi-Ossetian, isi-Armenia, isiJalimane (singumndeni wase-Indo-European), isiChuvash, isiBashkir, isiTatar (sakwa-Altai), iMari, i-Erzya, u-Udmurt (singabomndeni wase-Ural), i-Avarian , IsiChechen, iDargin (bheka izilimi zaseNakh-Daghestanian), i- Kabardino-Circassian (ibhekisela emndenini wase-Abkhaz-Adygean).

I-Republic of the Russian Federation inelungelo lokusungula izilimi zayo ezisemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, eKarachay-Cherkessia, ngaphezu kwesiRussia, isimo sezikhungo zombuso noKarachai, Abazin, Circassian, noNogai. I-UNESCO yaqaphela ngo-2009 izilimi eziyikhulu namashumi amathathu nesithupha ezisetshenziselwa eRussia, ezisesiteji sokunyamalala.

Izinkolo

I-Russian Federation iyisimo sezwe. UMthethosisekelo uqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo kubahlali: banikeza ilungelo lokuzibiza noma yiliphi inkolo noma ukungabi naluphi uhlobo, futhi bakhethe ngokukhululekile futhi basakaze izinkolelo zabo. Ukwakhiwa kwezenkolo zabantu baseRussia nakho kuhlanganiswe, futhi kuzwelonke. Kulelo zwe kukhona amaKristu aphilayo namaSulumane, amaJuda namaBuddha. Kunamaqaba futhi bakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akakho. Izakhamizi eziningi zizicabangela njenge-Orthodox. Ngokuvamile, izibalo ezisemthethweni ensimini yezinkolo azigcinwa. Umbuzo wenkolo wakhuliswa okokugcina ngo-1937. Ngokomhlangano we-All-Russia Public Opinion Research Center, ingxenye engaphezu kwesigamu sezakhamuzi zaseRussia zizibheka njengabakholwayo, abangamaphesenti ayishumi kuphela abaya njalo esontweni futhi baqaphele yonke imikhosi namasiko. Futhi abasele abangamashumi amane namathathu amaphesenti baya esontweni kuphela ngamaholidi namasiko, abaqapheli amasiko. Owesithathu kwabaphenduli (amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu nanye) avuma ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, kodwa isithakazelo esincane empilweni yesonto. Cishe amaphesenti ayisithupha kwabaphenduli bakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akakholelwa, kanti amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili angacabangi ngisho nangesimo sengqondo mayelana nenkolo.

I-Russia: indawo, inani labantu

Umgqa omkhulu wokuhlala indawo unxantathu, enyakatho ye-St Petersburg, eningizimu yeSochi, futhi empumalanga yi-Irkutsk. Eningizimu-mpumalanga yale nxantathu kukhona amahlane nezindawo zasendle, enyakatho - izingxenye ze- permafrost ne-taiga. Ekhuluma ukuthi bangaki abantu abahlala eRussia, sesivele saphawula ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yabantu igxile enkabeni yezwe. E-Siberia, indawo engaba yizingxenye ezintathu kwendawo yonke, abantu abangaphansi kwamaphesenti angamashumi amabili baphila. Amadolobha aseRussia agxila ikakhulukazi esigabeni esiphakathi seYurophu (kusukela eMoscow kuya e-Ufa) naseningizimu (kusukela eSochi kuya eDerbent).

EMpumalanga Ekude naseSiberia, iningi labantu lixazululwe kuTrans-Siberian Railway. Kulesi sigaba samadolobha aseRussia abamele izakhamizi zaseNovosibirsk, i-Omsk, i-Irkutsk, iKrasnoyarsk, iVladivostok, iKhabarovsk. Futhi abantu abaningi bahlala esifundeni saseVuzbass. Kusukela ngo-2012, eRussia Federation kukhona imizi eyishumi nanhlanu enezigidi zabantu (inabantu abangaphezulu kwesigidi). Lona iMoscow, iSt. Petersburg, i-Ekaterinburg, i-Samara, iNovosibirsk, i-Nizhny Novgorod, i-Chelyabinsk, i- Rostov-on-Don, iKazan, i-Omsk, i-Perm, u-Ufa, iKrasnoyarsk, iVolgograd, i-Voronezh. Emadolobheni amakhulu kunawo onke, okuthiwa ama-sub-millionaires, lapho isibalo sabakhileyo singakafinyeleleli esizigidini esisodwa, sisabonakala ku-Krasnodar, eSaratov nase-Togliatti. Isibalo samadolobha aseRussia, okubalwe ngenhla, cishe ingxenye yesine yenani (amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nambili). Izindawo eziyikhulu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu ezweni (ngokusho ngo-2012) zihlala abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu.

Abantu baseRussia ngeminyaka

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, kube khona inkinga yezenhlalakahle eRussian Federation. Kuphela ngo-2013 isimo sesithuthukile kancane, futhi ukwanda kwemvelo kwabantu kubhalwe kulo lonke izwe . Cishe bangaki abantu abahlala eRussia manje, sesivele sisho. Manje ake sibone ukuthi isimo sishintshile kanjani eminyakeni embalwa edlule.

2006

Ngokusho kukaRossst, ngonyaka ka-2006, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-496.6 bazalwa eRussia (22.2 million kunonyaka odlule), abantu abayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-166.7 bafa (ngo-137.2000 Ngonyaka odlule). Ngakho, izinga lokuzalwa laliyi-10.4, kanti izinga lokufa laliyi-15.2. Ukulahlekelwa kwabantu - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-687.1, okuyizinkulungwane eziyi-159.5 ngaphansi kuka-2005. Ngokucabangela ukukhula kokufuduka , ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwaba abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-532.6. Phakathi nenkathi ebuyekezwayo, isibonakaliso sokulinda kwesikhathi sokuphila sanda kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uma ngo-2005 bekuyiminyaka engama-65.3, ngakho-ke ngo-2006 yanda iminyaka engu-66.8. Kwabesilisa, okokuqala ngqa kusukela ngo-1998, ukulindela kokuphila okulindelwe kudlule isikhathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi futhi bekuyiminyaka engama-60.37 (kuqhathaniswa no-2005 kanye neminyaka eyi-1.5), kanye nabesifazane iminyaka engu-73.23 (ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-0.83).

2007

Ukwakhiwa kwabantu baseRussia kule nkathi kushintshile ngandlela-thile, ngoba ukukhula kokufuduka kuye kwanda kakhulu - ngamaphesenti angu-67.1 (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-103.7) uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Ngenxa yalokhu, isimo sesimo sabantu sibi kakhulu. Phakathi nonyaka, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-610.1 bazalwa, kanti abayizigidi ezingu-080.4 abayizigidi bafa. Inani lokuzalwa laliyi-11.3, izinga lokufa laliyi-14.6. Ngakho, uma kuqhathaniswa no-2006, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-130.5 (8,8%) bazalwa kakhulu, futhi bafa ngo-86.3,000 (4%) ngaphansi. Ngo-Okthoba 2007, inani lerekhodi lezingane livele eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu edlule - 154.3,000. Ngokuvamile, kuzo zonke izifundazwe zezwe ngo-2007 kwakukhona ukwanda kwenani lokuzalwa, ukwanda kwemvelo kwabonakala ezindaweni ezingamashumi amabili nanye. Ngisho naseMagadan Region, inani lezingane ezisanda kuzalwa likhuphuke lisuka kubantu abangu-1 820 kuya ku-1825 uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Ukunciphisa kwemvelo kwakungabantu abangu-470,300, abantu abangaba ngu-212.11 babulawa ngabantu abanomphela.

2008 ngonyaka

Isimo sezenhlalo saqhubeka sithuthukisa. Kwazalwa abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-713,9, kwathi abayizigidi ezingu-075.9,000 bafa. Inani lokuzalwa laliyi-12, izinga lokufa laliyi-14.5. Ukulahlekelwa kwemvelo kungabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-362, lapho ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu abanomphela kungama-104.9. Ukukhula kokufuduka kwehle kancane kancane, kodwa kancane kancane: kusuka ku-258.2 kuya ku-257.1 000. Noma kunjalo, inxephezelo yokulahlekelwa kwabantu ngamaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa nanye.

Unyaka ka-2009

Izinkomba zabantu, futhi, zithuthukisiwe. Kwabalwa abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-761.7, kanti abayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-10,5 bafa. Inani lokuzalwa laliyi-12.3, kanti izinga lokufa laliyi-14.1. Ukulahleka kwemvelo kungabantu abangu-249.4 abayizinkulungwane. Ngenxa yokwanda kokufuduka, okuye kwahlawulela ngokugcwele ukwehla kwemvelo, ngokokuqala ngqa eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, inani labantu liye landa futhi laba abantu abayi-141 927 297 ngo-2009, okuyinto eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nantathu ngaphezu kuka-2008 Unyaka. Ezindaweni ezingamashumi ayisithupha nesikhombisa kwakukhona ukwanda kwenani lokuzalwa, ezindaweni ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu kwakukhona ukwehla kwenani lokufa.

Unyaka ka-2010

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwazalwa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-178.9 abayizigidi ezingu-28.5 abayizigidi ezingu-28.5. Inani lokuzalwa laliyi-12.5, inani lokufa laliyi-14.2. Ukunyuka okuncane kwesilinganiso sokufa uma kuqhathaniswa no-2009 kungachazwa ukushisa okungavamile okwenzeka eRussia ngoJulayi-Agasti 2010. Ukulahlekelwa kwemvelo, okuyizinkulungwane ezingama-239.6 zabantu, kwahlonywa ngokuphelele ngokukhula kwamanye amazwe. Njengoba sesivele sitshele, ngo-2010 kubalwa ukubalwa kwabantu kwabantu abalandelayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, inani labahlali baseRussia laliyi-142 905 200 abantu.

Unyaka ka-2011

NgoJanuwari-Ephreli esikhathini esibukezwayo, izinga lokuzalwa lancipha ngamaphesenti angu-14.1 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo sonyaka owedlule. Ukufa kwahlehla futhi ngamaphesenti angu-20.6. Ukunciphisa kwemvelo kunciphile kakhulu futhi kwafinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-129.1 ngonyaka. Ukukhula kokufuduka - 320.1 eziyinkulungwane.

Ngonyaka ka-2012

Kwazalwa abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-902.1, okungamaphesenti angu-5.9 (105.5 000) ngaphezu kuka-2011. Kwafa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-906.3 abayizinkulungwane, okungamaphesenti angu-1 (19.4000) ngaphansi kuka-2011. Ukunciphisa kwemvelo kwaba ngabantu abangu-4251 kuphela - unyaka odlule lokhu kuyinto ebonakalayo. Ukukhula kwamanye amazwe kuyehla - 294.9 izinkulungwane. Ezindaweni ezingamashumi amane zezwe kwakukhona ukwenyuka kwemvelo (ngo-2011 - kuphela kwizifundo ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili).

Unyaka ka-2013

Ngokokuqala ngqa eminyakeni eminingi, abantu abaningi bazalwa ngaphambi kokufa. Nakuba, uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012, kwakunezingane ezimbalwa - izigidi eziyi-1 895.8 kuphela kuphela. Kodwa inani elincane kakhulu labantu lafa - 1 million 871.8,000. Ngakho-ke, ukwenyuka kwemvelo kwakuyizigidi ezingama-24,013, kwase kuvele kubonakala ezindaweni ezingamashumi amane nantathu zaseRussia. Ukukhula kwezimfudumalo kwahlala cishe ezingeni elifanayo - 295.8,000.

2014 ngonyaka

Izibalo zakamuva ziyatholakala kusukela ngoJanuwari-Februwari 2014. Kwaphela izinyanga ezimbili, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-301.5 bazalwa eRussia, abangabantu abangamaphesenti angama-391 ngaphansi kwaleyo nkathi ka-2013. Kwafa ngo-317.9 000, okungu-11 376 ngaphansi kukaJanuwari-Febhuwari 2013. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulahleka kwemvelo kwaba ngabantu abayizi-16 427, okungaphansi kakhulu kwesibalo sesikhathi esedlule - abantu abangu-27 412. Ezindaweni ezingamashumi amathathu nane zezwe kwakukhona ukwanda kwemvelo.

Ukuphila

Yiqiniso, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi bangaki abantu abahlala eRussia. Kodwa umbuzo ongabalulekile: "Bangaki abantu abahlala eRussia?" Umbiko wonyaka we-WHO ngo-2013 wabika ukuthi phakathi kwabantu bonke base-Asia Ephakathi naseYurophu, amadoda aseRussia anesikhathi eside kakhulu sokuphila. Ngokujwayelekile baphila iminyaka engama-62.8, okuyinto enhle kakhulu. Ukuqhathanisa: isikhathi eside kakhulu sokuphila kwabantu besilisa sibonakala kwa-Israyeli - iminyaka engu-80.1. ESpain, lesi sibalo sineminyaka engu-78.8, kanti nase-UK - 78.4 iminyaka.

Izitayela zabantu

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isakhiwo seminyaka yabantu baseRussian Federation siye sawohloka kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani labantu baseRussia abaneminyaka yobudala eyanciphayo, kanti inani labahlala empesheni likhula ngokushesha. Abacwaningi babikezela ukuthi emashumini eminyaka ezayo, iRussia ingase ibhekene nenkinga yokuguqulwa kwempesheni, ngoba izakhamizi zokusebenza ngeke zikwazi ukuhlanganisa inani elikhulayo labahola impesheni.

Futhi, abasebenzi be-Institute for Demographic Studies balindele ukuthi inani labantu baseRashiya liyokwehla, njengoba izinga lokuzalwa emindenini liphansi, abantu bakhetha ukuthi bangabi nezingane ezingaphezu kweyodwa, okungaphezu kokubili, okuyinto echaphazela ukuthambekela kwabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isibonelo, emindenini yaseCaucasian, izinga lokuzalwa liphakeme kakhulu, ngakho-ke, inani lalaba bantu kulo lonke inani labahlali liyokhula kancane kancane. Isimo esinjalo asikwazi kodwa sivule.

Indlela yokuphuma ibonakala kuphela ekukhuliseni izinga lokuphila kwabantu, empilweni yabantu, ngokunikeza izakhamizi ithuba lokusekela ngokwanele nokufundisa izingane zabo. Futhi, inqubomgomo eqinile kufanele ilandelwe ukuqinisa isikhungo somndeni kuzo zonke izindawo zomsebenzi nazo zonke izindawo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuncipha kwenani lokuzalwa akuyona inkinga yeRussia kuphela, kodwa futhi nesilinganiso somhlaba wonke.