I-charcoal algae: incazelo, isakhiwo, ukukhiqiza kanye nemisebenzi

I-ecosystem, ngokubanzi, ixhomeke kwizinga elinganaki emisebenzini ebalulekile yezimila zamaqembu aphansi. Abanye bamele abaphezulu beklasi banethonya elihle kuwo. Kukhona okungafani phakathi kwe-algae. Lezi zihlanganisa uMnyango wamaKhaleki Algae, owake waba khona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Enye into ukuthi namuhla leli qembu ngezinhlobo azimeleli njengabanye abamele umbuso. Ngendlela, izilwane zalesi sigaba zibizwa ngokuthi i-charophytes.

Ukwaziswa okujwayelekile mayelana neqembu le-char

Ngaphandle, i-algae yizitshalo ezinkulu ze-branching, ezinezinhlobo eziningi ezivela kwabanye abamele umbuso. Uma sibheka kalula ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sabamele leli qembu, kungenzeka ukuthi ukudideka nabo ngezigaba eziphakeme zemifino. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi i-hari ihlanganisa izibonakaliso zezitshalo ezincane eziphezulu kanye nezitshalo eziphakeme, ezibonakala emisebenzini yazo. Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zeli qembu, elihlangene kule genus. Kuze kube manje, izibonelo ezilandelayo ze-chara algae zihlukanisiwe: i-Hara Aspera, i-Nitella Flexilis, i-Nitella Sinkarpa, njll. Ezinye zezilwane zithinta impilo emzimbeni wamanzi, kuyilapho ezinye zitholakala olwandle, amachibi ase-Continental. Ngokuvame ukwedlula, ama-crocks akhula emagcekeni abamele abaningana, kunokuba ahlabe. Ngakho-ke, zakha amahlumela, afaka izindawo ezinkulu ezansi phansi.

Isistimu yesitshalo

Ngokuba ososayensi abanesikhathi eside babengenakukwazi ukucacisa ngokunemba okuphezulu lapho iqembu elihle lezitshalo lezi zindawo ezihlala kuyo zisegeni lawo eliyisisekelo. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukutholakala kwamacembu A no-B kumaseli ama-chlorophyll kunikeze izizathu zokunikeza izitshalo kwabamele abamele umnyango waseClorophyta. Ngenxa yalesi sigaba, ukutholakala kwesitashi njenge-enzyme yokugcina indawo nakho kwafakaza. Ngokwezinye izifundo, abakwa-algae babefanele bangene emnyangweni weChaphyphyta. Isisekelo sezinkulumo ezinjalo kwakuwukuhlukaniswa kokuqala kwezitshalo ezivela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwakukhona futhi iphuzu lokuthi leli qembu lingabhekwa njengesixhumanisi esiphakathi kusuka ku-bryophytes kuya ku-algae eluhlaza. Imiphumela yanamuhla yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, izibalo zamangqamuzana nezindlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu yinqunjwana inquma ukuthi i-charovye njengabamele umnyango we-Streptophyta. Isigaba esifanayo sifaka izitshalo zygnematal.

I-genus eyisisekelo

Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zedatha yezitshalo. Lokhu ku-Hara ngqo, kanye ne-Nitella ne-Tolipella. Abamele ohlobo lokuqala babhekene nokusatshalaliswa kwezwe jikelele futhi bakhethe imizimba yamanzi engajulile. Indawo yabo yemvelo yinkimbinkimbi ka 1-1.5 m. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kubalulekile ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile, kunokuba agubha. Kwezinye izici, leli gciwane lingabizwa lingenakuzithoba - isibonelo, izitshalo zingaphila kokubili izimo zamanzi ezinamaqabunga namanzi ahlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, amanzi angcolile akuzona okuhle kubo. Ngokuqondene ne-Nitella yezinhlobo, abameleli bayo baningi kakhulu emanzini amasha, futhi futhi kwenzeka emanzini ngamanzi angaphansi kweshlabathi. Uma ama-algae ohlobo lokuqala engathandi ama-substrates, khona-ke leli gciwane livuma ngokuphelele indawo enjalo - isibonelo, ngeziqephu ezidaka. I-tolipella ibuye izwele ukungcola, kuyilapho ikhula kalula emhlabathini onesihlabathi futhi ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezingajulile.

Indawo yokuhlala

E-Russia leli qembu lezilwane lihlala eThafeni laseNtshonalanga yaseSiberia nase-Altai. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ososayensi baye bavame ukuthola izindawo ezintsha nezindawo lapho i- algae ibeletha khona. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, kwezinye izimo, izinkomo zingaba nezinzuzo ngaphezu kwabamele izitshalo eziphakeme. Isibonelo, lokhu kuyabonakala ezindaweni ezomile kanye nokuchelela izidumbu zamanzi. Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo ezingu-17 zeChara zitholiwe eningizimu ye-West Siberia Plain, kanye nezinhlobo ezine ze-Nitella. Kukhona nezinhlobo ezingavamile, ezingase zibe nezinzuzo zokuncintisana ekuthuthukiseni kwazo kwezinye izimila. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimbiza zamanzi nezindawo ezithuthumayo azikhawulelwanga ukulimaza i-algae. Abamele be-Nitella, ngokwesibonelo, batholakala kuphela ezigodini zemifula emikhulu nama-steppes ehlathi. Futhi lokhu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvamile izimila ezinhlobonhlobo ezindaweni ezinjalo ziphansi kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa neziqabana ezifanayo.

Isakhiwo

I-Harovs inesakhiwo sezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke, okuyinto ngendlela ethile eyenza ukufana kwazo nezitshalo eziphakeme. Umzimba wabo uhlukaniswe ngama-interstices nama-node aphelele, lapho kutholakala khona ama-orr of branches. Emachibi amancane anamanzi namanzi, anamathele emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa ama-rhizoids. Ngokuqondene nezici ezivamile nezimila eziphakeme, kulo mongo singakhuluma nge-hornwort ne-horsetail. Ukuphakama kwe-thall kufinyelela ku-30 cm, nakuba kunezibonelo ezinamaphesenti angu-120. Amagatsha ase-lateral awancane kakhulu, ngakho-ke lesi sitshalo sihlala phansi hhayi ngokuqinile. Kodwa akuzona zonke izici ezinamalahle ezinamalahle. Isakhiwo se-internode sibonakala ngokutholakala kweseli ende elinqoba amagxolo avela kwamanye amaseli amancane namancane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imvilophu yezingqamuzana ezinjalo ibalwa.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-algae

Iqoqo lokuvuna lezitshalo libhekene nokukhiqizwa ngokocansi nokulima. Indlela yemifino igcwaliseka ngosizo lwezinsipho ezikhona kuma-rhizoids. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulolu msebenzi, ukuqoqwa kwamaselula okubunjwa ngezinkanyezi kutholakala emaqenjini amancane aphansi. Yibo abaphilisa i-thallus entsha. Ukuthuthukiswa okuphakeme ekusetshenzisweni kokutshala kwemvelo kufinyelela ezithombeni zobulili ezimelelwe yi-oogony ne-antheridium. Lezi zakhiwo eziningi ezivame ukukhula ngesitshalo esisodwa. Kodwa-ke, kukhona futhi owaziwa ngama-digaceous algae, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwawo akuyona into enhle kakhulu. Ngenxa yokungathobeki kwazo ezimweni zendawo yokuhlala, ukuhlukunyezwa kungahlanganisa indawo enkulu eminyakeni embalwa nje, kudala i-thicket eqhubekayo.

Izitho zokuzala

I-Antheridia ibheka ibhola, ububanzi bayo buba yi-0.5 mm. Ekuqaleni, kunomsila ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa enkambweni yokuphila itjhuguluka ngokubomvu noma e-orange. Itholakala esiteshini esifushane sama-unicellular futhi iqukethe amaseli ayisishiyagalolunye ayisishiyagalolunye esakhiweni, esithintana ngokuthintana nemiphetho egcwele. Kusukela engxenyeni ephakathi kweseli ngalinye lesikhumba, isibambo sokuqala se-cylindrical siqondiswa ku-antheridium, ephela ngekhanda elijikelezayo, lapho amanye amangqamuzana amaningana anamaqenjana amancane afakwa khona. Ngamunye wabo uveza amangqamuzana angamakhulu ambalwa ngosizo lwe-spermatogenic filaments. Futhi, ngayinye yamaseli amasha adala i-anterozoid. Ngokuqondene ne-oogonia, kunezilinganiso ezinkulu kunalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-antheridium. Ama-cpus cages azungeze nge-spiral futhi abe uhlobo lomqhele. Kulesi sitho, amalahle asolwandle afaka iqanda elilodwa elikhulu. I-spermatozoon idlulela emangqamuzaneni e-corona futhi igwetshwe ku-oogony. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-zygote yakhiwa ngendlela yokwenza i-karyogamy.

Imisebenzi yezitshalo zasendle

Esikhathini sezinto eziphilayo, ukubaluleka komsebenzi obalulekile walezi zindawo eziyingqayizivele akubalulekile, nakuba ochwepheshe bethonya ezinye ithonya emlandweni we-hydrological kanye nezimfanelo zezinto eziphilayo zamagumbi abahlala kuwo. Ngokuyinhloko, umbuso wamanzi uqina futhi ukwakhiwa kwe-biocenosis ekhethekile nakho kwenzeka khona. I-plant thalli enkambisweni yentuthuko ithola inombolo enkulu ye-epiphytes. Lawa amabhaktheriya amancane kanye nama-algae, okusebenza njengokudla kwezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-algae ekhuni ingenza ngandlela-thile njengendawo yokukhosela izinhlanzi ezincane ezitholakala emagqumeni endzawo yokuzivikela ezidleni. Emigodini enokuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwezimila ezinjalo, izibungu ezincane zeminyana ziyabonakala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuhlinzekwa kokuvikelwa kuphela, kodwa futhi nesenzo se-antibiotic ethize esitshalayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-algae ingaba ukudla kwezinyoni. Lokhu kubonakala ngesikhathi sekwindla ihamba ngezinhlaka zamanzi. Ama-waterfowl asetshenziswa kakhulu ngama-zygote oospores, okwamanje agcwele amaconsi amafutha.

Isicelo emnothweni nasezesayensi

Imvelo yokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ekuphileni komuntu inqunywa yizinto ezikulo. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kwelame kwenza izilwanyana zikhangele ukusetshenziswa njengama-fertilizer. Ikakhulukazi, iCharophyta Charcoal Division iwusizo, ngokusondeza izithombo zomhlabathi ezinzima. Ngisho nangaphandle kokuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo, ukuqoqwa kwemvelo ngamasheya ezinkuni zodaka lwezokwelapha. Eminyakeni yamuva, isithakazelo kuleli qembu lezitshalo kuboniswa ochwepheshe emkhakheni wezifundo zezinto eziphilayo. Amaseli amakhulu akha ama-internodes avumela isifundo esijulile se-cytoplasmic membrane ngenxa ye-permeability yabo.

Isiphetho

I-Charnov kancane kancane ilahlekelwa izikhundla ezikhundleni zobukhosi. Naphezu kokuzinza kweminye imininingwane ye-algae kumathonya angaphandle, ukusakazeka kokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi kagesi kuyabangela izinqubo zabo zokuthuthukiswa. Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi ama-algae amalahle ayingxenye yama-algae aphansi, okuyisixhumanisi sesikhashana phakathi kweminyango ehlukene. Futhi nakuba ososayensi namuhla bahlela uhlelo ngaloluhlelo, izibonakaliso eziningi zabameleli balo zikhombisa ushintsho lokuguquguquka kule thallus efanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazi ziyavuma ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsalela zakudala, izingodo zanamuhla azifani ngokuhlukahluka okunjalo.