Isakhiwo nemisebenzi yama-lysosomes

Emisebenzini ehlongozwayo kuwe, siphakamisa ukucubungula imisebenzi ye-lysosomes, inhloso yawo. Phakathi kwezinye izindawo sizobe sigcizelela okubaluleke kakhulu futhi sibhale ngabo ngokuningiliziwe.

Okokuqala, konke kuqukethe amaseli. Lezi zakhiwo zincane kakhulu kangangokuthi singazibona kuphela ebhokisatri besebenzisa imishini ekhethekile. Manje umbuzo we-microscope, okokuqala ngenye idivaysi yakho yazi kahle esikoleni esiphakeme. Othisha banikeza imisebenzi eminingi ye-laboratory ehilela leli thuluzi ukutadisha idivayisi yezilinganiso zama-anyanisi noma amaqabunga ezihlahla.

I-lysosome yiyona ingxenye yamaseli. Sizoqhubeka sikhuluma ngakho kamuva. Ngaphambi kokuba sicabange ngemisebenzi yama-lysosomes, sichaza kafushane isakhiwo nokubaluleka kwalesi sikhungo.

Ama-lysosomes

Sesivele sibonise esandulela ukuthi lezi zingxenye zezingqamuzana zeseli, futhi ekuhumusheni kusukela ngolimi lwesiLatini banencazelo ecacile - ukuhlakazeka komzimba. Ama-lysosomes, omsebenzi wethu esizowabuka kamuva, ubonakala njengezinsimbi ezincane, ezizungezwe ngendwangu. Umgudu we-lysosome ugcwele ama-enzyme e-hydrolytic, i-medium acidic igcinwa njalo kuyo. Yini enye ejwayelekile ye-organelles esiyicabangayo? Awunayo ifomu elihlala njalo, njalo lihlukile kakhulu. Ubukhulu babo buncane kakhulu, ngoba iseli elilodwa lingaqukatha ama-lysosomes angamakhulu amaningana. Ububanzi bawo cishe bulingana no-0.2 μm.

Ukuqokwa

Ngaphambi kokuba sikubheke njengoluhlu lomsebenzi wama-lysosomes, sizobe sibonisa kancane inani le-organelle esitokisini. La maphuzu aphikisana kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukukhuluma ukuthi le organoid ayitholakali emangqamuzaneni esitshalo, kodwa kubantu nangesifungulu kukhona. Zakhiwa esakhiweni seGolgi. Sitshilo kakade ukuthi emithanjeni yabo inamba enkulu kakhulu yezinyomi ezihlukahlukene, zikhona ngenxa yalokhu, nokugaya amangqamuzana kwenzeka. Njengoba lezi zinsimbi zingekho ezitshalweni, ezinye zezinyathelo zazo ziyakwazi ukuqhuba ama-vacuoles.

Ama-enzyme equkethwe kulezi zingubo zingahlukaniswa:

• Amaprotheni;
• Amafutha;
• Ama-carbohydrate;
• I-nucleic acid.

Olunye umsebenzi we-lysosomes ukuhlukaniswa kokubili izingxenye zomuntu kanye nayo yonke iseli. Isibonelo esihle ukuguqulwa kwe-tadpole ibe yi-frog. Umsila uyanyamalala ngqo ngaphansi kwethonya lama-enzyme alo mzimba.

Imisebenzi

Kulesi sigaba, siphakamisa ukuhlunga imisebenzi yama-lysosomes. Okulandelayo kungahlukaniswa:

• Ukuqaliswa kokugaya amangqamuzana;
• I-Autophagy;
• I-Autolysis;
• Ukuphikisa.

Ukuze sikwazi ukucaca, ake sicacise incazelo yamagama athi "autophagy" kanye "nokuzenzekelayo". Esimweni sokuqala, ukukhishwa kwezakhiwo zezingqamuzana ezingadingekile kuboniswa, futhi esimweni sesibili, ukuzimela komzimba weseli (sesivele sikhulume ngalokhu kusibonelo se-tadpole ne-frog). Esikhathini sokugcina, sasho ukuhlakazwa kwezakhiwo zangaphandle.

Ukugaya kweseli

Lapho sicabangela imisebenzi ye-lysosome esitokisini, sikhulume ikhono le-organelle ukwenza inqubo yokugaya esitokisini. Ngaphambi kokuba siqhubeke sichaza lo msebenzi, kudingeka sicacise ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-lysosomes. Okuthiwa:

• Okuyinhloko;
• Secondary.

I-lysosomes eyinhloko nayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-accumulative or storage granules. Sinesithakazelo kakhulu kule ngxenye ye-secondary organelles. Njengoba lapha uphatha:

• I-digestive vacuole;
• I-vacuole ephezulu;
• Umzimba ohlala njalo.

Ku-vacuole ye-digestive, ukungena kwemithi engenayo ngokusebenzisa i-hydrolysis kwenzeka. Ukugaya kwenzeka, njengomthetho, ezintweni ezingaphansi kwamangqamuzana ezingadlula ulwelwesi lwe-lysosome. Lezi zinto ziyadingeka ngezinhloso ezibalulekile - ukuhlanganiswa kwamanye ama-organelles noma izakhiwo ze-intracellular.

I-Autophagy

Imisebenzi ye-lysosome esitokisini esicatshangelwe iqukethe into ebizwa ngokuthi "autophagy". Siphakamisa ngesikhashana ukucabangela ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini. Sitshele kakade ukuthi leli gama liqondwa njengokubhujiswa kwezinxenye ezingadingekile zeseli. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngama-lysosomes wesibili, okuthiwa yi-autuagation vacuoles. Unomumo oqondile futhi unomphela we-oval, umzimba ukhulu kakhulu. Iqukethe:

• Izingcezu ze-mitochondria;
• Inethiwekhi ye-Cytoplasmic;
• Ribosomes nokunye.

Okusho ukuthi, kukhona izinsalela zeseli. Ziyakwazi ukubhujiswa ngaphansi kwethonya lama-enzyme. Izinsalela ezitholakala azipheli ngaphandle komkhondo, kodwa zibandakanye kwezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile.

Lezi ziphuzo zingatholakala kunani elikhulu kakhulu eziningana zamacala, phakathi kwazo:

• Inkinga;
• Ukudakwa;
• I-Hypoxia;
• Ukuguga nokunye okunye.

I-Autolysis

Ngakho-ke, yimiphi imisebenzi eyenziwa ama-lysosomes, siwahlelile. Manje sinikeza ukucabangisisa ngokuningiliziwe okunye okunye, okungukuthi - ukuzenzekelayo. Imfucumfucu yama-lysosomes ingahle ihlukane, bese kukhishwa ama-enzyme futhi ihluleke ukuqhuba umsebenzi wayo ovamile, ngoba i-cytoplasm ine-medium neutral, futhi ama-enzyme ayenziwa kalula.

Kunezimo lapho kukhona ukubhujiswa okunjalo kwazo zonke i-lysosomes, okuholela ekufeni kweselula yonke. Amaqembu amabili e-autolysis angahlukaniswa:

• I-pathological (isibonelo esicacile kakhulu nesivamile ukubhujiswa kwezicubu ngemuva kokufa);
• Ukusebenza.