Imisebenzi yamadolobha. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamadolobha ngokusebenza: izibonelo

Idolobha alivuki ngokwayo. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwayo kuhlanganiswe nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi, okuwumsebenzi wayo.

Amaqiniso avela esikhathini esedlule

Umlando weminyaka eminyaka wesintu ufakazela ukuthi imisebenzi yemadolobha ingashintsha kaningi. Ngakho-ke, ezinkathini eziphakathi kwaphakama izindawo zokuzivikela ezempi nezokuhweba. Futhi okokuqala kwakhiwe indawo yokuhlala enezivikelo eziqinile. Idolobha lafika ngemva kokuba ligqekeze indawo yokuhweba neyomsebenzi (ukuzungeza). Ngaleso sikhathi, imisebenzi yezokuphatha nezombusazwe yamadolobha yayithuthukisiwe kakhulu. Ngeke kube nobunzima ngezibonelo zendawo yokuhlala. Lena yimizi eminingi yaseRussia, njengePhukov, Velikie Luki, Izborsk, njll.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Kuwo wonke amadolobha okuyizindawo zezifunda, umsebenzi wokuphatha wawulungisiwe. Kodwa abazange bayeke lapho. Imizi enjalo iye yanikezwa ukuhweba ngezohwebo kanye nemisebenzi yenhlangano-yezomnotho. Isakhiwo esinjalo sisinde esikhathini sethu. Yonke le misebenzi ihambelana nezikhungo zezifunda zokuphatha.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izindawo ezinkulu zaqala ukudlala indima yezokuthutha nezimboni. Lokhu kwabonakala ikakhulukazi emadolobheni lapho isitimela sadlula khona. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezixhumanisi zokuthutha kubambe iqhaza ekukhuleni okusheshayo kwamabhizinisi ezimboni. Izibonelo zamadolobha anjalo yi-Novosokolniki no-Porkhov, u-Velikie Luki no-Pskov, nabanye.

Imisebenzi yamadolobha engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Okunye okushintshiwe kuya kokuphatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqala ukuhlanganiswa nemisebenzi yamasiko nemfundo.

Imisebenzi emikhulu yamadolobha

Indawo ngayinye idlala indima ethile empilweni yesifunda. Imisebenzi yamadolobha yizici zabo zomphakathi nezomnotho. Ake sicabangele uhlu lwabo.

Imisebenzi esemqoka yamadolobha:
- ukuhlala kabusha kwabantu;
- ukuphatha nokuphatha;
- ukukhiqizwa (ukudala izimpahla ezibonakalayo);
- ezenhlalo nezokufuywayo;
- ezemfundo namasiko;
- Innovative kanye nesayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe;
- Ucwaningo lwangaphandle;
- ukusatshalaliswa nokusabalalisa;
- ulwazi;
- ukuthutha nokuxhumana;
- zokuzilibazisa kanye nezokuvakasha;
- ezemidlalo nokuzilibazisa;
- Ukuvikelwa kwezemvelo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Njengoba ubona, uhlu luyamangalisa. Lezi yimisebenzi esemqoka yamadolobha, okuhlukanisa nabo ohlwini lwezindawo ezincane.

I-Typology

Ziyini izindawo zokuhlala? Kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwemadolobha ngokusho kwemisebenzi ekhona kuwo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona:

1. I-Multifunctional. Lezi zindawo zidlala amasiko, ezokuphatha nezombusazwe, kanye nendima yomnotho. Lezi zihlanganisa izikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu zendawo. Lapha kukhona inhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi yenhlangano, kukhona ukuxhumana okubanzi okuhlukahlukene.
2. Amadolobha okubaluleka kwamanye amazwe, lapho imisebenzi yezokuthutha neyezimboni ihamba kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, lezo zindawo zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo eziningana. Ziyizokuthutha ezokuthutha, izimboni nezimboni.
3. Amadolobha okunye okusebenza kuwo. Ukuthutha kwabo kanye nokubaluleka kwezimboni akusho kancane. Lawa amadolobha amancane, izikhungo zendawo. Badlala indima yenhlangano nokuphatha ezindaweni eziphansi.
4. Amadolobha ezindawo zokuzilibazisa ezinezici ezithile.
5. Izikhungo zezesayensi nezokuhlola.

Imisebenzi ejwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu

Umuzi uyindlela ekhethekile yokuhlala. Yenzelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Imiphi imisebenzi amadolobha akwenza ngaphandle kokuhlukile? Babizwa ngokuthi i-gradobesluzhivayuschimi. Umsebenzi onjalo uphendulelwe wangaphakathi futhi unenani kuphela iphuzu elinabantu abaningi kakhulu.

Yimiphi eminye imisebenzi eyenziwa yimadolobha? Ukwakhiwa komuzi. Umsebenzi onjalo uvumela ukucubungula ukuhlala njengesinye sezici zesimiso sokuhlala endaweni ethile noma esifundeni esithile.

Emisebenzini yasemadolobheni yamanje yakha imizi yimizi yabo yokuphila. Bavumela ukuxazulula ezombusazwe nezokuphatha-ezokuphatha, ezimboni nezokuhlala, ezamasiko nezentengiselwano, zesayensi nezemfundo, kanye nemisebenzi yomphakathi kanye nobunjiniyela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yonke imisebenzi ehlongozwe emadolobheni ixhunyaniswe futhi ayikwazi ukuhlala ngokwahlukana. Izakhiwo ezintsha ziphakama ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zezwe lonke noma izifunda zalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwamadolobha ngemisebenzi kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nendima eyabelwe yona.

I-Typology yomsebenzi wokwenza umuzi

Imisebenzi yamadolobha, okuyinto yokuphila kwayo, ihlukaniswe ibe yikhulu futhi ekhethekile. Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa lo msebenzi, oqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsiza kubantu, kanye nemifula esendaweni eziseduze.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko

I-typology yamadolobha aphakathi kwezwe inezigaba zayo kanye nobukhosi obuqinile. Esiteji esiphezulu yiMoscow. Inhloko-dolobha yaseRussian Federation isebenza yilo lonke izwe. Izinga elilandelayo ligcinelwe izikhungo zezindawo ezinkulu zezomnotho. Imisebenzi yemidolobha yaseRashiya yalesi sigaba (Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk) kufanele isebenze izifunda zazo izikhungo zazo. Izinga elilandelayo yisifunda. Kulesi sigaba sobukhosi, kunezikhungo ezisebenza kuzo izifunda eziningana zokuphatha. Emadolobheni anjalo kungabikwa, isibonelo, i-Orsk ne-Buzuluk.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo esihlalweni sobukhosi sithathwe izikhungo zesifunda. Zihlanganisa, phakathi kwabanye, i-Priozersk neVivborg (isifunda saseLeningrad). Esigabeni esiphansi kunazo zonke izikhungo zesifunda. Imisebenzi yemidolobha yaseRussia yalesi sizinga ihlanganisa ukuhlinzekela ingxenye ethile yendawo yesifunda. Imizi enjalo ihlanganisa iVereya ne-Aprelevka (esifundeni saseMoscow, esifundeni saseNaro-Fominsk).

Umsebenzi okhethekile

Le ndima inikezwa izikhungo zemikhakha ezweni lonke. Iningi lamadolobha aseRussia yizinhlangano ezinkulu zezimboni (Novokuznetsk, Magnitogorsk, njll), kanye nezindawo zokuthutha (Nakhodka, Novorossiysk). Imizi yesayensi (Dubna, Obninsk), izikhungo zokuvakasha nezokuvakasha (i-Suzdal, i-Pyatigorsk, iSochi) ayitholakali kakhulu ezweni lethu.

Ukuhlala emadolobheni

Inqubo ekhuthaza indima yezindawo zasemadolobheni ekuthuthukiseni izwe lonke ibangelwa izinguquko ezakhiweni zomphakathi nezakhiwo zomphakathi, indlela yayo yokuphila, isiko, njll.

Izifunda eziningi zezwe lethu zinokungafani okuphawulekayo ngezinga lokuhlala emadolobheni. Futhi lokhu akucaci nje kuphela ezingeni lapho izindawo ezinkulu zezomnotho zihlala khona, kodwa futhi lapho khona amadolobha amancane enza imisebenzi yokuphatha nemisebenzi atholakala khona.

Inqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwamadolobha eminyakeni yamuva yanda kakhulu. Insimu yezindawo eziningi zanda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imboni kanye nomphakathi bahlakazeka ezindaweni ezikude. Kulokhu, kuqiniswe imisebenzi yamadolobha, kokubili ezomnotho kanye namasiko. Ukuhlala okukhulu kuphenduka indawo eyodwa yedolobha lapho idlala indima yesikhungo esiyinhloko.

Umehluko enjongweni yokusebenza nayo itholakala ohlwini lwezindawo zokuhlala emadolobheni. Kungaba ukwakha izikhungo, ukuzalwa kwazo okuhlobene nokwakhiwa kwezikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokuhlala emadolobheni zinemisebenzi yokuhlala ehlukile. Esikhathini sesifunda saseMoscow, kunjalo yiSprings, Semkhoz, njll. Kunezindawo eziningi ezingenayo imisebenzi yedolobha. Lokhu kubonakala kulezo zindawo lapho izinkampani zemboni yezimboni zivaliwe khona, futhi akukho ubuhlobo bomsebenzi wangaphandle. Ukuhlala kuloluhlobo kutholakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezimpumalanga nasenyakatho yezwe, lapho ezinsukwini zakudala kwakukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwezimayini.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamadolobha ngamanani

Uma kwenzeka ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi ehlukene igxile ekuhlaleni eyodwa, izokhula ngokushesha futhi ithuthuke. Yingakho yonke imizi emikhulu idluliselwa ekuqinisekiseni imisebenzi yemikhakha ehlukahlukene yokuphila komphakathi, futhi ngokufanayo.

Amadolobhana amancane, njengomthetho, awona monofunctional. Zonke izindawo zokuhlala zihlukaniswe ngalezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- encane kunazo zonke, isibalo esivela kuso asidluli abantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu;
- abancane - abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-5-20;
- Welterweight - abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-20-50;
- abantu abaphakathi - 50-100 abayizinkulungwane;
- abantu abakhulu - 100-500 abayizinkulungwane;
- inkulu kunazo zonke - abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-500 - abayizigidi eziyi-1;
- imizi eyizigidi - abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.

Inombolo yabakhile kunoma iyiphi indawo yendawo ngokuqondile ixhomeke ezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi eyabelwe yona.

Amadolobha angasebenzi

Emiphakathini edlala indima ethile emphakathini, umuntu angafaka izikhungo zesayensi nezokuhlala. Iyini imisebenzi yabo?

Amadolobha wesayensi akhiwa ukuze kusetshenziswe isayensi, isayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe, kanye nemisebenzi emisha. Kulezi zindawo, zenza izivivinyo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlola, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi ngokuhambisana nezinto eziza kuqala ezombuso ekuthuthukiseni izimboni zesayensi nezokusebenza.

Imisebenzi yamadolobha okubhuka kuhlanganisa okulandelayo:

- ukuvuselelwa kwezokwelapha kweziguli;
- ukwelashwa kwe-sanatorium;
- Ukuphumula kahle;
- ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela;
- amasiko nezokuzijabulisa nemisebenzi yokuqonda.

Ngemisebenzi yokuqala yokuqala, izici zomzimba zendalo ziyasetshenziswa.

Imisebenzi yeNyakatho Yenhloko YaseRussia

Iyini indima yaseSt. Petersburg empilweni yabantu bayo kanye nezwe lonke? Njengamanje, iqoqo elikhulu lemisebenzi yedolobha likhulu kakhulu.

Uyi:

- isikhungo somlando nesamasiko sezinga lomhlaba;
- isikhungo esisha, sesayensi nesemfundo;
- idolobha lebhizinisi;
- isikhungo sezokuvakasha;
- I-node yokuthutha neyokuthutha.

Umbono wokuthuthukiswa

Imisebenzi yimuphi umuzi awuhlali ungaguquki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye zazo ziguqulwa ngandlela-thile, kanti ezinye - zanyamalala, zinika indlela entsha. Izinqubo ezifanayo zijwayelekile eSt. Petersburg. Imisebenzi ethembisayo kakhulu yenhloko-dolobha yaseNyakatho ingathathwa ngesisekelo sokuhlaziywa kwemvelo yangaphandle yedolobha, izikhundla zayo zokuncintisana kanye nendima ekhulayo yezindleko zabantu. Loluhlelo lokuhlela luqondwa yiziphathimandla zaseSt. Petersburg.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yenhloko-dolobha yaseNyakatho

Yonke leyo misebenzi yedolobha, ehlose ukufeza imisebenzi eyabelwe yona, ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili. Eyokuqala yalezi zihlanganisa imisebenzi engeke ishintshwe isikhathi eside. Ziyisisekelo. Iqembu lesibili lihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi eminyene.

Iyini umsebenzi weNhloko-dolobha yaseNyakatho kuya eqenjini lokuqala? Kuwumsebenzi wedolobha laseSt. Petersburg njengendawo yokuphila okunethezeka. Le ndima, naphezu kokusobala kwayo, ayizange ibe yinto eqondile futhi iholele njalo. Namuhla konke kuguqukile. Idolobha eliphumelelayo seliba yindawo lapho abantu abanekhono, abanenkani nabadala behlala ngokukhululekile, ngokucebile nangokwemvelo. Ngenxa yalolu msebenzi, iSt. Petersburg iphumelela ngokuphumelelayo nemidolobha enjengeMoscow, eParis, eLondon, njll.

Inhloko-dolobha enyakatho nayo inomsebenzi wesiteshi sesayensi. Lokhu kuhlinzekwa yizikhungo eziningi zemfundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu basebenza emkhakheni wesayensi edolobheni.

Muva nje, ithonya le-geopolitiki yaseSt. Petersburg ngezinga lokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindawo liye landa kakhulu. Lokhu kubonisa umsebenzi wedolobha lomuzi. Iba nezinkomfa ezihlukahlukene zamazwe ngamazwe, ama-summits, amaforamu nemiboniso. Ngakho-ke, idolobha lisebenzisa ngempumelelo isu le-capital capital yesibili.

Umsebenzi ohlala unomphela waseSt. Petersburg uyinhloko yawo njengesikhungo somlando kanye namasiko hhayi kuphela eRussia, kodwa emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezokuvakasha kanye nokukhangwa kwabantu abafunde ukuhlala.

Imisebenzi yaseSt. Petersburg njengesikhungo sezimboni ishintsha kancane kancane. Amabhizinisi amasha avulwa edolobheni, ekwakheni amagatsha amasha omkhiqizo wanamuhla. Lapha, izingxenye zezimoto zenziwa futhi umkhakha wesigodi wemoto uhanjiswa. Inhloko-dolobha enyakatho ingaziqhenya ngembonini yezokwelapha eyenziwe ngezinga elisha lezobuchwepheshe. Engxenyeni yomuzi, amagatsha ezinkampanini eziningi ezihamba phambili emhlabeni avulekile futhi asebenza. Ngamanye amazwi, iSt. Petersburg inekhono elikhulu lokuba isikhungo sembonini yezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla.