Concept nezinhlobo zikahulumeni

Ngazo zonke izikhathi amandla isimo asetjenziswako ngezindlela ezahlukene kanye nezindlela. Kunoma ngesikhathi esinikeziwe wasebenzisa ukuchaza ngendlela eyinqaba kwemithetho ogunyaziwe. Okuvame kakhulu asendulo futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi, kwakuwuhlobo oluthile ubudlova. Kodwa yena "elemiphefumulo" kuphela ezandleni zomholi futhi bekwazi nge abakufa kwabo ubalekela imodi. Ngemva udlame usebenzisa inkolo. Yena waba ngukumkani isikhathi eside. Nokho, phakathi nesikhathi Ukukhanyiselwa abantu baqaphele ukuthi ukholo izimpumputhe kuyinto engcono kakhulu udlame. ifomu yakamuva amandla isimo wayeqinisile. Isetshenziselwa emazweni amaningi kuze kube yilolu suku. Kodwa ukusebenza kwawo langempela kungaba kwenziwe kuphela esebenzisa ejensi zikahulumeni ezikhethekile, ngokuvumelana nezimiso jikelele ngokomthetho futhi sebenzisa izindlela zabo wesi. izinhlelo ezinjalo namuhla kungatholakala kunoma yiliphi izwe. Zibizwa ngokuthi iziphathimandla zomphakathi. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi lezi zakhiwo owaziwa nje abadlali evamile nezimfuneko emkhakheni wezomthetho. Nokho, ububanzi yabo yigugu akubangelwa nje kuphela elingavamile "ukusebenza." Ngakho, esihlokweni okwengeziwe sizoxoxa izitho main kahle kwemandla embuso, izinhlobo izici zabo futhi, lapho afakwa lezi zakhiwo ku Russian Federation.

amandla isimo

Concept futhi izinhlobo kahulumeni bathembele ngokuphelele izimfanelo amandla kule noma kulelo zwe. Uma sikhuluma ngokukhethekile mayelana Russia ulimi ngokuqinile isayensi ke endaweni ukuthi ukudidiyelwa amandla umphakathi lisisebenzisa inqwaba kwezinkambiso peremptory. Yiqiniso, lokhu isici kuncike kakhulu isiqondiso zezomthetho sithombe. Kodwa uma ungenayo bangene we izici ezingokomthetho amandla isimo eRussia ukujula - lokhu kuyindlela ekhethekile, ahlukile noma eyingqayizivele ukuphatha inkampani nezingxenye zayo ngazinye. Njengoba siqonda ke, isakhiwo zomphakathi lokulawula ngeke kwenziwe ngqo ichopho amandla. Ukuze wenze lokhu udinga izinhlobo olukhethekile iziphathimandla, ngamunye ephethe elilodwa noma kwenye uhlu imisebenzi ethize. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izici amandla.

Izimpawu amandla isimo

Kunezindlela eziningana zezimpawu ezikhombisa ukuthi sithole amandla kunoma isiphi isimo, futhi ikakhulu Russian Federation. Kubhekwe le, lokhu okulandelayo izihlinzeko izigaba ezingaphezulu, okuyilezi:

- amandla ombuso uhlale eNgophezukonke.

- It is ukusebenza ngokusebenzisa isimiso yezinhlaka ezikhethiwe.

- Kwaqaliswa isikhathi.

- Ithonya amandla isimo enwetshiwe nakanjani zonke izakhamuzi.

- amandla ombuso uwukubonakaliswa normative ngesimo izenzo eshicilelwe ngokusemthethweni.

- Ukuze kufezekiswe izithakazelo uhulumeni iningi kwezinye izimo, indlela yokuphoqelela abantu esenzweni esithile.

Kulokhu, isici esiyinhloko kuba isimiso amandla iyunithi yezikhungo ehlukene. Nazo ngokufanayo, futhi babe nomqondo, sakhiwo kanye netimphawu, okuzoxoxwa kamuva esihlokweni.

Umqondo umzimba yezwe elinamandla

Zonke izinhlobo ezinkulu kahulumeni zisekelwe ekuqaleni ezincwadini amandla kuleli zwe. Sekuvele waveza ukuthi lolu hlobo inhlangano ingenye izimpawu bokuba khona intando isimo. Ngakho-ke, kumelwe zibhekwe ngokombono okuvela esigabeni amandla. Ngakho, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni - inhlangano ethile ogama njongo iwukuba ukulawula isimo emazingeni ehlukene. Avame ube into lapho uqondiswa nemisebenzi yabo, kanye isihloko yokwakheka abantu ekusebenziseni idatha izakhiwo umsebenzi.

ukuqonda ehlukene kahulumeni

Izinhlobo zikahulumeni angabhekwa ngesisekelo izici ezahlukene ngezigaba. Prakthiza ebonisa ukuthi wonke amazwe ume imizimba ezahlukene ngokuphelele esemthethweni. Nokho, ngokuhambisana izenzo ukhiye normative, okungukuthi umthethosisekelo, noma yini eyingcuba, kungakhathaliseki izesekeli zawo indawo noma ukusebenza, kukhona ngokuyinhloko obangela ezingeni anda ukulawula izakhamuzi isimo. Ngokuqondene iphutha ukuqonda zosizo izakhiwo ezahlukene, isibonelo yesiteleka kakhulu kuyinto ehhovisi lomshushisi. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, ososayensi phikisana kungaba igunya lomphakathi noma cha. Ezinye theorists ubambe ukuthi umbono, abanye babe cha. Ngo-Office WaseRussia Lomshushisi - isakhiwo asimeme ukuthi ingeyona iyiphi legatsha.

ama-apharathasi State eRussia

Uhlelo kanye neziphathimandla zikahulumeni, njengoba umthetho, bakha isakhiwo esisodwa phezulu. Lokho, ukugcwaliseka kwezinkinga zaleli zwe kuza ngokusebenzisa kudivayisi emaphakathi. Isigaba wesibili okuyinkambiso kahulumeni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi unakho isakhiwo yayo, izici kanye imininingwane wokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni uhlelo - lena iqoqo langempela nemigwamanda khona kungenxa imisebenzi eyisisekelo kahulumeni kanye namasiko. Umqondo kubonisa ukuthi lesi sigaba kwenza imisebenzi yayo ngokucophelela. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo kahulumeni Russian njalo ihlukaniswe phakathi nenqubo ezahlukene ngokuphelele. Ngoba alikho eRussia ezifanayo ngokuphelele ezinhlanganweni nemvelo. "Tautology" kulo mkhakha wokuphila yomphakathi singala umonakala umthelela kuso sonke isimo sisonke.

Ukwahlukanisa izici neziphathimandla

Izinhlobo iziphathimandla zomphakathi zihlukaniswa ngezibonakaliso ezahlukene. Kulokhu, akufanele kube kudidaniswe uhlelo lokulinganisa yemizimba lukahulumeni, izakhi eziyisisekelo 3 kuphela. Umsebenzi ngezigaba kwenziwa ngendlela ehlukile kancane. Ngokuvamile, izinhlobo iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezikhonjwe ngesisekelo criteria ehlukahlukene, okuyilezi:

1.Po ezingeni phezulu amandla jikelele (engenhla, aphansi naphakathi nendawo).

2. indlela yokwakha ukwakheka asebenzayo langempela (okukhethekile akhethwe kunikezelwe).

3. Ngo imisebenzi lelawula (eyasungulwa izinhlinzeko zoMthetho izimiso, imithetho, imithetho, soMthethosisekelo).

4. Ngokusho ukubunjwa isibhamu (ngamanye noma ewonke).

5. ngu indlela wokuboniswa kuthanda (sekukonke edinonachalnye).

Zonke izinhlobo zohulumeni ngokuvamile babonakala ososayensi olwengeziwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngezigaba eliyisisekelo elivezwa ngesisekelo nezinye zindlela.

Ama-ejensi ngesisekelo division indawo

njalo kakhulu isehlane zinhlobo zohulumeni ngesisekelo indima yabo ngokwezinga sendawo WaseRussia. Kulokhu, ukuphathwa kufanele wenziwe isimo federal emelelwa. Kulesi sisekelo, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zikahulumeni we Russian Federation, okuyilezi:

• uhlamvu yase isakhiwo. Njengomthetho, labo noma ezinye izinhlobo zemizimba likahulumeni walulama ngesisekelo ukubaluleka izinqumo zabo. Uma sikhuluma ngokukhethekile mayelana nesakhiwo kazwelonke, iziqondiso zabo iyawabopha yonke indawo WaseRussia.
• Iziphathimandla uhlelo ezikhonzini umfelandawonye ubuye ngempela zinendima ebalulekile inqubo ukuqaliswa imisebenzi kahulumeni, kodwa ngethonya labo udlulisela kuphela ensimini amayunithi ngabanye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ezivamile ngezigaba uhlelo zikahulumeni esebenza cishe emhlabeni wonke. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo kungenxa isimiso ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla, kusungulwe John Locke futhi Lui De Lakho Ukukhanyiselwa.

Uhlelo kanye neziphathimandla zikahulumeni ngesisekelo ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wonke ejensi babe nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene izici ezenza indima ohlelweni wezwe, basuke ingxenye enkulu siqukethe olulodwa emithathu ingxenye indlela. Lwakhiwe isikhathi eside, njengoba isivele kushiwo esihlokweni. Ngokuvamile, kulesi sigaba sibizwa ngokuthi isimiso ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zihlukaniswe phakathi izici ezintathu eziyinhloko: umthetho, mphathi zokwahlulela. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo kungenzeka ukuhlonza eziningi izakhiwo efanayo ukuthi imisebenzi ethize.

eSishayamthetho

Njengakuwo wonke kwamazwe anamuhla, Russian Federation enikeziwe umzimba ukhiye isiShayamthetho. Lokho unegunya yedwa ukukhipha izenzo normative ka ephakeme amandla ngokomthetho ngemva uMthethosisekelo Russian Federation - imithetho sikahulumeni. Lona fomu esisemthethweni kakhulu yezinhlelo zokwenziwa kwemithetho zomthetho. Ngalo, ukulawulwa wenziwa ezindaweni obuhlukahlukene ngqo zokuphila emphakathini. Kuze kube manje abantu amandla anjalo esikhathini Russian Federation kuyinto Federal OMhlangano noma ephalamende. ERussia, inhlangano siqukethe emakamelweni amabili, okuyilezi: State Duma kanye Federation Council. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Federation of amayunithi indawo futhi babe izishayamthetho yabo. Kodwa ibanga yabo yemfanelo lincane kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa umgwamanda kazwelonke. Njengomthetho, izidumbu zomthetho ezikhonzini umfelandawonye lingakhipha iziqondiso ukuze alawule nezindaba luyingxenye indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo yabo kwemtsetfo kumele akuphikisani umthetho sikahulumeni lwamanje.

Amandla imvelo esiphezulu

izinhlobo ezahlukene iziphathimandla esiphezulu lababukene nekwetfulwa langempela kwalo mthetho. System neminyango efanayo amakhanda uhulumeni we Russian Federation. Njengengxenye yalolu umzimba kufaka zezinkonzo. Ngo inqubo ukuqaliswa imisebenzi yabo obusebenzayo wenziwa ukulawula futhi ekukhishweni langempela komthetho kanye nezinkambiso zomthetho ngabanye. Uhulumeni waseRussia nakho ekusebenziseni inqubomgomo ezindaweni ezithize. Ngokwesibonelo, Wezangaphakathi we Russian Federation unesibopho ukusebenza kwezinqubomgomo komthetho esimweni.

Kunezinhlobo ezithile zemizimba esiphethe umbuso amandla, isakhiwo okuyinto kunqunywa ikhanda yezwe, okungukuthi, ngqo uMongameli. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene amasevisi ejensi.

namajaji

Ozimele kakhulu uthi abaningi, kuhlanganise Russian Federation, iyona legatsha zokwahlulela. On sisekuciniseni umsebenzi obalulekile ngoba kwebulungisa kuleli zwe futhi ikhambi izimpikiswano ezithile. Uhlelo zokwahlulela kusekelwe isimiso sokuzibusa. Okungukuthi, it is hhayi kulawulwa yimuphi omunye izinhlobo iziphathimandla. Lokhu kuvumela ubulungiswa elibanzi nangokunembile. izitho yeKambiso kahle kwemandla embuso zihlanganisa eziningi iminyango ehlukene. Phakathi kwazo weNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme, Ephakeme Tinkhantolo republic, isifunda, amakhotho wesifunda, njll

Kufanele kuqashelwe yokuthi namajaji kwezinye indlela obhekene izinga weNarha. Phela, lo ejensi legatsha ukuqapha nokulandela imithetho yase-sisekelo kanye imigomo ejwayelekile yomthetho.

Izimiso yokwakhiwa kwalesi simiso iziphathimandla

Okungenhla emithathu isici uhlelo yokulawula kanye wokuxhumanisa umphakathi sisekelwe eenkambisweni. Lezi ezizathwini empeleni ngibangele ukusebenza kwe iziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Lezi zihlanganisa nemigomo yentsandvo yelinyenti, ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla, eye wathi ngaphambi, futhi ubunye ohlelweni. Isigaba odlule libonisa ukuthi zonke lezi zidumbu kuthiwa oxhumene futhi ilawulwa nomunye, ngaphandle iyunithi zokwahlulela.

isiphetho

Kulesi sihloko sihlaziya umqondo nezinhlobo zikahulumeni, kanye ujwayelene isakhiwo sabo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlelo ekhona kokuxhumana ku Russian Federation nesiqondiso yomphakathi kanye ubuhlobo uye waphumelela ngempela. Ngakho-ke, yonke indawo kufanele bakwenze sesimanje yayo, ukuze amandla isimo eziqhutshwa ngokuyimpumelelo.