Imisebenzi ye-State: umqondo, ngezigaba, izindlela ezingafani ezisetshenziswa yesayensi

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela isimo omunye izinkinga ezivame kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile kubhekwe Ukubuyekeza umqondo "imisebenzi isimo", ngezigaba zabo kanye nezinhlobo. Chaza ukubaluleka lolu daba kungase kube yiqiniso lokuthi, okokuqala kunakho konke, ngosizo izindima eyenziwa ezweni libonisa injongo yawo emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi eyenziwa ukuchaza nokwakheka kwezitho zangaphakathi kanye apparatuses. Eqinisweni, isakhiwo umsebenzi wamandla Kulokhu kunqunywa ubuhlobo emphakathini, okuyinto angaphansi isiqondiso saziso nguhulumeni. Kusobala ukuthi ushintsho okungenani oyedwa umsebenzi isimo kunemtselela imisebenzi amayunithi yayo: woza ezaqedwa amayunithi, entsha imiqondo ukuphathwa komphakathi achazwayo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akukho definition eyodwa "umsebenzi isimo" ngoba lo mqondo kungabonwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi abaningi ehlukile umahluko umsebenzi, izinjongo kanye nezindlela nomthelela. AP Glebov ichaza indima yayo njengoba ukumiswa igunya, okuyinto waqaphela bedle iqembu elithile emphakathini. ubudlelwano ezinjalo zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi into umsebenzi.

Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wombuso kudingeka ukuba uqonde hhayi uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi okwenza, hhayi umsebenzi amandla okwabelana, njengoba izinyathelo eziqondile olungena kuyo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iyiphi incazelo nemisebenzi isimo ayikwazi unakelwe kwesokudla noma okuphambene nalokho, ayilungile.

Ukuhlaziya imithombo ehlukene thematic, kulula ukwazi ukuthi Ukwahlukaniswa indima ezweni elithile e-amandla umsebenzi ngempela subjective. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oyingqayizivele wenza sokubala othile isimo imisebenzi kunoma uhlobo oluthile. Namuhla, ukutadisha izincwadi zomthetho, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele imibono etshiyeneyo kakhulu ku ngezigaba wenziwa izindima zabo ukulawulwa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana.

Uma ucabangela izici ethandwa kakhulu kwezomthetho izincwadi ngezigaba nemisebenzi isimo, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• izinjongo imbozwe umsebenzi;
• Isikhathi nesikhathi ukuchayeka olulodwa;
• ku ukubaluleka ngoba umphakathi wonkana;
• isimiso division kwamandla;
• ngezinga sendawo umthelela.

Funda imisebenzi eyisisekelo isimo, nje unake division yabo ngezigaba ezimbili: zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka lubandakanye nendima ezisebenza kuphela kwi kwezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho, ubudlelwano zomthetho ngaphakathi ezweni. Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa nemisebenzi isimo, okuyinto ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile nomthelela ubudlelwane namanye amazwe, namaqembu abo futhi coalitions.

jurists Modern share ezihlukene ezenziwa indima isimo. Ngakho, NT Shestaev imisebenzi yangaphakathi zihlanganisa:

• nokuvikeleka;
• ukuphathwa komnotho;
• ukuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle;
• Ukuvikelwa tesive
• indima kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo;
• ukuvikelwa yemvelo.

By imisebenzi sangaphandle isimo lo yalandisana umcwaningi:

• ukuqinisekisa ubukhosi kanye ukuvikela izwe ngokumelene izitha wangaphandle;
• ukuthuthukiswa izingxoxo zamazwe onke;
• usekelo izibopho kwezomnotho, ezamasiko kanye nomphakathi phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene;
• ukuphenywa kokuphulwa amacala ngamazwe;
• nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Ekuphetheni, siphawula ukuthi ngaphezu izindima eziyinhloko kukhona ukusebenza okuthize Kohlelo isimo, okuyinto kuphakama ngenxa izinqubomgomo (zangaphakathi nezangaphandle), wezomnotho ekuhlaleni isimo, ezenhlalo zengqondo.