Izinto eziphathelene nemisakazo: izinto, imithombo yabo kanye nezingozi

Abantu abangaba ngu-100 edlule babe nenkathi ekhethekile - isikhathi sokufunda imvelo yokuqala, bese kuthiwa imisebe yenziwe ngokuhlakanipha. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka, okuthiwa i-athomu, kwakukhona imicimbi emibili ephikisanayo:

• Okokuqala, ukubhujiswa kwe-athomu kukaHiroshima noNagasaki;
• Okwesibili, okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni, isitshalo samandla enyukliya savuleka e-Obninsk.

Esikhathini esilandelayo, amandla okubhubhisa abe yindalo yesintu. Zithini izinto ezivuthayo? Iyiphi into engabangela imisebe?

Yiziphi izinto ezisakazwa ngama-radioactive

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinto eziseklasini elisebenzayo. Uhlelo lwe-Mendeleyev lwezikhathi luhlanganisa izakhi ezingu-120. Ngamunye wabo uqukethe ama-athomu, futhi i-athomu yezinye izinto ingahlukanisa zibe izingxenye. Lokhu kukhishwa imisebe eyingozi.

I-radioactive material imelwa yizo zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali ezitholakala ngemuva kokuhola. Kuphelele, izakhi ezingaphezu kuka-80 zomsakazo eziyingozi ziyaziwa. Isibonelo, yi-radium, iFrance, i-polonium, i-strontium, ibismuth, i-germanium, i-cesium. Ezinye zazo zitholakala ezimweni zemvelo. Abanye bangumsebenzi womuntu.

Izakhiwo zezinto ezinomsakazo

Ingozi yalezi zinto ngenxa yokuthi yiyo, okokuqala, ayibonakali iso lesintu. Abanayo umbala, ukunambitha noma iphunga. Iminyaka eminingi umuntu angaphila eduze nomthombo wemisakazo, engazi lutho ngalokhu. Enye impahla eyingozi yalesi sigaba sezinto kukhona ikhono labo lokuthuthela emakhilomitha akude ukusuka emthonjeni wabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubola kwabo akuxhomeke emthonjeni wezinto eziphilayo.

Ingozi ye-nyukliya ayikwazi ukuqedwa ngamandla noma emakhemikhali. Izinto ezinomsakazo zingase zibe emoyeni, umhlaba, ukudla. Isibonelo, kubonakala ukuthi iningi lama-radionuclides aqukethe imifino efana neklabishi kanye nesithombo sebhitrudi.

Izakhi zemisakazo yemvelo

Izinto eziphathelene nemisakazo zingatholakala ezigumbini zamaminerali, emadwaleni amaningi angaqukatha izakhi zomsakazo kokunye noma okunye. Isibonelo, lezi zindawo zokukhiqiza amafutha eNtshonalanga Siberia. Kunenqwaba ye-deposit e-uranium, kanye nalawo izinto eziyimikhiqizo yokubola kwayo, i-radium. Kanti futhi, izinto ezinomsakazo zingangena emvelweni ngokusebenzisa izitshalo ze-GRES ne-CHP, ezingasebenza kwezinye izinhlobo zamalahle.

Izifunda ezinemisebe yomsakazo wemvelo

Izibonelo zezindawo ezinomsakazo eplanethi yoMhlaba, lapho imisebe yemvelo ingokwemvelo, ingaba amabhishi aseNdiya aseKerala, esifundazweni saseChina saseT Guangdong, lapho izi-isotopes zisemhlabathini, kanye nezinye izindawo eBrazil. Futhi, imisebe ephezulu yemisebe yamadwala ijwayele kwezinye izindawo eFrance, e-Ukraine naseSweden.

Ngokuvamile, izinto zenuzi kanye nezinto ezinomsakazo ziqukethe izinto zokwakha. Izibonelo yizinto zokwakha ezifana namatshe aqoshiwe, i-alum nama-phosphorites. Zinezinhlobo zazo eziphezulu ze-radionuclides, lapho zisetshenziswa embonini yokwakha yonke indawo. Lokhu kuholela ekunyuseni okuphindaphindiwe emthamo wama-gamma emisebeni ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezivuthayo emisebentini ekwakheni: ingozi ye-imperceptible

Amacala anjalo asungulwe kaningi. Isibonelo, e-Omsk ngokuvamile izisebenzi zokwakha ukugcwalisa ukhonkolo zisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamatshe aqoshiwe avela ezifundeni zaseNyakatho Kazakhstan. Iqukethe inani elengeziwe le-uranium esebenzayo, okwaholela ekunyuseni okukhulu emazingeni emisebe ye-gamma ezakhiweni.

Icala laphinde laqalwa lapho kwakhiwa khona izinto zokwakha imishini yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala. Lokhu kwephulwa kwabhalwa esifundeni sase-Ekaterinburg, esiteshini saseKostousovo. Ukuze ukwakhiwa kwezisekelo, ipulazi isebenza, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuqeda, abasebenzi basebenzisa isanti eliqukethe i-radioactive thorium.

Amacala afana nalokhu, alotshwe inombolo enkulu. E-Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia nezinye izindawo eziningi zokuthola imigwaqo, izindawo zokudlala, amagceke, abakhi basebenzisa i- uranium ore ejwayelekile . Lokhu kwaholela ekunyuseni okukhulu emkhakheni wezimoto eziyingozi.

Imithombo yokusebenza yama-radioactivity

Izinto ezinomsakazo zingase zibe umsebenzi wezandla zomuntu. Kunemithombo ehlukahlukene engcolisa imvelo nge-radionuclides:

1. Lezi ziqhuma zenyukliya, ezisetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwamafutha.
2. Ukuvivinywa ngezizathu zokuqeqesha ezempi.
3. Amabhizinisi omjikelezo we-nyukliya.
4. Izingozi ezitshalweni zamandla enyukliya.
5. Futhi ingozi enkulu ilwa, esebenzisa amabhomu athomu kanye namagobolondo.
6. Ukungcwatshwa kwezidakamizwa.
7. Ukusetshenziswa okungadingekile kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezinomsakazo

Ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezivuthayo emisebeni kuyenzeka ngokwemithetho ekhethekile, evunyelwe yi-Federal Law "On Energy Atomic". Emabhizinisini amaningi, ukuhamba kwabo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yazo yonke imisebenzi. Ukuthutha lezi zinto kukhona uhlelo olukhethekile lokuvikela.

Izinto ezinamafutha yizinto lezo i-nuclei eqala ukuhlukanisa lapho kuthathwa i-neutron. Kulula nje, i-nuclei yabo ihlukana, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo amandla akhululwa. Izibonelo zezinto ezingaphumeleli zingasebenza njengo- uranium-235, i-uranium-233, i- plutonium-239, nabanye. Izinto ezifakwe emanzini nezinsimbi ezingavunyelwe ukuhanjiswa ngamasiko. Ngokulawulwa kwamasiko, kukhona ukuyeka kokuhamba kwabo ngaphesheya komngcele.