Ukukhiqizwa kwabantu

Inombolo nokukhiqizwa komphakathi kungenye yezinkomba eziyinhloko zezinga lokuphila komphakathi. Lezi zindlela zibonisa izinga lokuvuselelwa kwesizukulwane sabantu. Ukukhiqizwa kwabantu kubhekwa njengokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezintathu zokunyakaza kwabantu: indawo, yemvelo kanye nezenhlalakahle.

Uma sicabangela inqubo enjengokuvuselelwa kwezizukulwane, kufanele kuqashelwe ukubaluleka kwayo ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi. Ngokusho kwabalobi abaningi, ukukhiqizwa kwabantu kuyindawo ehlukile ekuziphatheni komphakathi. Ukuba inqubo ezimele, ukuvuselelwa kwezizukulwane kuthinteka kakhulu yizinye izici zokuphila komphakathi. Kanye nalokhu, ukukhiqizwa kwabantu kunomthelela omkhulu kwezinye izici zokuphila. Ngenxa yalokhu kuxhumana, izidingo zomgomo zakhiwe kuzo zonke izinqubo ezihlobene nomsebenzi wokuphila komphakathi.

Ukukhiqizwa kwesibalo kubhekwa njengento engavamile. Yenza inqwaba yezigameko ezilodwa nezingozi - ukufa nokuzalwa. Ukuba khona kwabantu okuqhubekayo kuhlinzekela ukulondolozwa kwezimo eziyisisekelo lapho ukuxhumana nemvelo yangaphandle kwenzeka khona. Lokhu kungenzeka, ngokusho kochwepheshe, nge-oda elithile, futhi hhayi ukugeleza kwemiphakathi ehlukumezayo. Lokhu, futhi, kuwumphumela wezinqubo zokuphatha ezenzeka ohlelweni lwabantu. Zenza (izinqubo) zihambelana nezimo zemvelo. Siyabonga, ukuqhubeka kokuvuselelwa kwezilwane nezitshalo kutholakala, kanye nokuzinza kwezibalo.

Ngemuva kokuvela komphakathi wesintu ezinkambisweni zokuphatha ekukhiqizeni abantu, izinguquko zekhwalithi zenzeke. Kusukela kulo mzuzu, izindlela eziphilayo zokulawula ukukhiqizwa ziye zafakwa esikhundleni sezenhlalakahle. Ukwakhiwa kwesimo sengqondo esinqabile sokulondolozwa nokukhiqizwa kokuphila komuntu kuye kwabangela ukuvela kokukhiqizwa kwabantu njengenqubo eqondile emphakathini. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi izinkinga ezithile zomgomo wezinto eziphilayo, zithintekile, ngokusho ukuthi uhlelo lokuvuselela umphakathi lusebenza kanjani.

Isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sokukhiqiza abantu sibandakanya isibonakaliso sokubusa kobubele kubonakala emsebenzini ohambisanayo f (x) nokufa okuboniswa emsebenzini osebenzayo l (x). I-X kule misebenzi ingu-age. Ukubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kwale misebenzi yikomidi eliphelele lokukhiqiza (R), kanye nesilinganiso sokuphila esiphezulu e0. Kulesi simo, kungenzeka kube lula ukwenza okulula, okuxhunyaniswe neqiniso lokuthi i-exponents f (x) ne-l (x) inquma ukuthi i-R ne-e0 ehlukile, futhi ayikho inhlanganiso eyodwa kuya kweyodwa.

Kumodi yokukhiqizwa kwabantu, f (x) kanye l (x) yizilinganiso ezingavamile. Lezi zinkomba zakha imingcele engapheli: C (x) (isakhiwo seminyaka yabantu) nesilinganiso sokwanda kwenombolo - umthamo we-net R0 kanye ne-coefficient yokukhula kwemvelo r. Lezi zibonakaliso ezimbili ziveza izinguquko ezithile ohlelweni ngezikhathi ezahlukene zezikhathi. Esikhathini sokuqala, ubude besizukulwane T busetshenzisiwe, futhi esimweni sesibili, isikhathi esivamile sekhalenda silinganiso (ngokuvamile ngonyaka). Ngakho, i-r = lnR0 / T isakhiwe.

Kumele kuboniswe ukuthi eRussia kunemibono eqondile yohlanga nobuzwe ekukhiqizeni abantu.

Ukukhiqizwa kwabantu baseRussia ngxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19 kuboniswa izinga lokuzalwa kanye nokufa okuphezulu. Ngenkathi yangaphambi kwempi, izinga lokuzalwa laqala ukwehla ngokushesha ezindaweni ezimboni.