I-Concept of Culture in Sociology

Igama lesiko libhekwa yi-polysemy futhi lisetshenziselwa ukucacisa izinqubo zokomoya, ukuhlakanipha, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhloso zokuzijabulisa; Amafomu nemikhiqizo yokusebenza ngokomoya, ngokwengqondo nangomdwebo; Incazelo yombuso womphakathi, ngokusekelwe ku-oda, isintu nomthetho.

Umqondo wenkambiso emiphakathini yezenhlalakahle inkulu kakhulu, kusho ukutadisha kuzo zonke izici ezihlukene ohlwini.

Umqondo wemasiko emiphakathini yezenhlalakahle ihluke phakathi kwabacwaningi ngezici eziningana, okudala izinto ezidingekayo zokukhomba izindlela ezilandelayo ngencazelo yayo.

Indlela yokwenza ubuchwepheshe ibheka isiko ngomqondo obanzi njengendlela yokukhiqiza ehlukene, kanye nawo wonke amazinga okukhiqizwa kokuphila komphakathi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo. Indlela yokusebenza iyinqwaba yamafomu ahlukahlukene kanye nezinhlobo zomsebenzi ongokomoya nomzimba kanye nemiphumela yalo msebenzi. Indlela yokubaluleka - njengengxenye yokuphila okungokomoya, lapho isiko kuyindlela yokuziphatha, izindinganiso nezinkolelo, kanye nezindlela zokuveza lezi zimiso. Indlela edidiyelwe ikholelwa ukuthi isiko sinezibonelo ezicacile nezicacile zokuziphatha komuntu ezakhiwe futhi zithunyelwa ngezimpawu, kuyilapho isimo salo sakhiwa yimibono yenzuzo yendabuko eyadlula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umqondo wenkambiso emphakathini, indima yawo, indawo empilweni yabantu inezimiso ezihlukene emigudleni emibili. Indlela yokuqala kule ndaba iwukuziphendukela kwemvelo (uJohann Gottfried Herder). Kulo, isiko sibonakala njengesici esiqakathekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekuziphendukeni komuntu okwazi ukuwenza kube yinto yokudala nokuvumelanisa. Indlela yesibili ibalulekile. Uhumusha isiko njengendlela ekhethekile yokugqilaza umuntu futhi ahumushe ibe yimbiza yamandla enonya kumuntu.

Abaholi bezenhlalakahle ezihamba phambili babheka umqondo wenkambiso ngendlela elandelayo. UJean Jacques Rousseau bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphila okusesifubeni semvelo kuyona kuphela okulungile, futhi isiko salo sihlanekezela. UFriedrich Nietzsche wabhala ukuthi indoda ayinakulinganiswa, futhi isiko sibizwa ngokuthi ukugqilazwa nokucindezelwa kwamandla emvelo.

U-Oswald Spengler ukholelwa ukuthi zonke iziko zinezifiso zayo, eziphela ekuthuthukiseni impucuko. UFerdinand Tennis wanikeza inkolelo yokuthi akunakwenzeka umkhuba wokuphikisa nempucuko. UJoseph Ortega yG Gasset ungumbhali wendabuko yezinkolelo zamasiko, okusho ukuthi umuntu uyingxenye yabantu futhi ukuziphatha kwakhe kungumhlambi. Inkinga yempucuko yanamuhla ixhunyaniswe nokuqokwa kwamasiko.

Abacwaningi bamasiko aseRussia bahumusha umqondo wenkambiso emiphakathini yezenhlalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yasungulwa, ngokusho ukuthi intuthuko yomphakathi inqunywa ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko), futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi - ukugxeka.

Izindlela zemasiko emphakathini yilezi: amanani, ulimi, amasiko, amasiko, amasiko, amasiko. Izakhi ezikhiqizayo kakhulu zenkambiso yimiqondo noma imibono (eyala umhlaba wonke wabantu), ubudlelwane (banikeze ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu), amanani (akhombise izinkolelo zabantu) kanye nemithetho (lawula ukuziphatha kwabantu).

Izinhlobo zamasiko emiphakathini yezenhlalakahle zihlukaniswa okulandelayo, kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezithile.

Isibonakaliso sesifunda noma sezwe: isiko seWest, East, Europe, Africa, America, njll.

Ngesikhathi sokulandelana: isiko lasendulo, isiko lama- Middle Ages, i-Renaissance, izikhathi ezintsha nezanamuhla.

Ngokwehlobo lokukhiqizwa kwezenhlalakahle: izinto (konke okuphathelene nomvelo womuntu nokwaneliseka kwezidingo zakhe, uhlangothi lwezobuchwepheshe bokuphila: izindlela zokukhiqiza, amathuluzi, izakhiwo zamandla, amaqembu ezombangazwe, njll.), Ngokomoya (kufaka izinto ezizimele, Imibono, izindinganiso, nezindlela zokuziphatha ezivela kubo) kanye nezenhlalakahle (ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, izimo, izikhungo zomphakathi).