Izikhungo zomphakathi

Igama elithi "isikhungo 'inezincazelo ezimbili: a lobuchwepheshe, emincane futhi nomphakathi, jikelele. Sociology iboleka nencazelo yalo ku wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo, unezela izici zayo siqu. Nakuba umnyombo luhlala elifanayo: yezenhlalakahle izikhungo - kwezinkambiso elawula sphere ezinye nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Izilwane ukuze avumelane nendawo ezikuyo futhi isazela sokusinda asetshenziswa. sekuyisikhathi eside umuntu walahlekelwa kwenqwaba wabo. Indima imizwelo engokwemvelo emphakathini manje ukudlala tikhungo tetenhlalo. Futhi uvumele ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba sisinde kule emzabalazweni khona emphakathini. injongo yabo eyinhloko - ukuhlangabezana nezidingo abangaphezu koyedwa, nethimba lonke. Kubonakala sengathi siqu isethi ngamunye eziyingqayizivele izidingo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa bonke bungabonakala ezinhlanu evelele. Bona sihambisana tikhungo tetenhlalo eziyisisekelo:

- isidingo ukukhiqiza kabusha uhlobo (lomshado);

- ngesidingo sokuphila ngendlela komphakathi okufana, okuyinto kungaba ngokuphelele ephephile (izinhlangano zezombusazwe, nesimo);

- isidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi le ndawo yayikhona (nezikhungo kwezomnotho, ukukhiqiza);

- isidingo ilemuko labo nolwazi ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha (izikhungo zemfundo);

- isidingo ukuthola injongo ekuphileni, intuthuko engokomoya (Institute of Religion).

Emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 tikhungo tetenhlalo efakwe Thorstein Veblen kuchazwe. Lolu lwazi uhlala sisasebenza nanamuhla. Wasikisela ukuthi tikhungo tetenhlalo ziye zaba inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi kwakhiwa ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Ukuze avumelane nendawo ezikuyo futhi ukuze uziphilise, isintu waphoqeleka ukuba adale ezihlukahlukene imithetho kanye enqabelo. uvele Okokuqala, cishe, lesakhiwo umndeni nomshado.

Ngakho, tikhungo tetenhlalo - lezi amadivaysi ukulingana emphakathini, okuyinto zidalwe ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo zako ezisemqoka.

Basuke kubuswa iqoqo imithetho ekhethekile, okuyinto adluliswa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane futhi kancane kancane nokwaziwa ejwayele eqenjini elithile, zibe isiko noma emasikweni abantu. Bancike esiqondisweni nendlela yokucabanga ukuphila kwabantu.

Futhi Veblen, umsunguli institutionalism, futhi Hamilton, umlandeli wakhe, wachaza ukuthi singobani tikhungo tetenhlalo njengoba iqoqo imikhuba eyamukelwa umphakathi, njengoba ukugcwaliseka imikhuba ethize, izindlela zokucabanga, ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila, okuyinto adluliswa ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye, iyehluka kuye ngezimo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukukhonza ukuba nezimo ezintsha linqoba.

Cishe, leli gama futhi baqonde futhi abameli (ukulungisa imithetho namasiko umphakathi).

Institutions khona ngisho emphakathini bakudala kakhulu. Uma kungenjalo, akakwazi ngokuthi umphakathi. On ukusebenza kwawo okulungile noma okungalungile kuncike isimo umphakathi.

Ngakho, umsebenzi lesikhungo umndeni kukhona lapho kuzalwa futhi bekhulisa izingane. izikhungo Economic imisebenzi izindlu, izingubo zokugqoka nokudla. izinhlangano zezombusazwe ukusekela ezihlukahlukene amazinga, imithetho. zezenkolo neqhaza le ushona ukholo, ukwakha phakathi kwezinkolo. izikhungo zemfundo wahlanganyela lithathelwe zenhlalo yabantu emphakathini, exhunywe lwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Ngayinye yalezi izikhungo has abadlali bayo, izinhlamvu zabo, izici nezinhlamvu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mqondo akuyona abstract, zingabantu ebonakalayo ngempela, ezingokoqobo. Akukhona uhlelo eqinile ke njalo elokhu ivela. Ngokwesibonelo, lesakhiwo umndeni. Wadabula izigaba eziningana: kusukela umshado iqembu futhi isithembu ukuze ibe nomfazi oyedwa. umndeni Nuclear nge izizukulwane ezimbili (izingane nabazali) esikhundleni i focus ukunwetshwa. Futhi benana lomshado, ukuze indima futhi umyeni, nemibono ebekiwe imfundo isizukulwane esisha.