Autecology - ke ukuthi isayensi?

Kusukela ngesikhathi lapho ngo-1866 i-sezinto eziphilayo German Ernst Haeckel , study ubudlelwano phakathi umzimba futhi imvelo, ulwazi kulo mkhakha, uye wanda kakhulu (1834-1919) wethula umqondo kwetheminoloji yesayensi ngemvelo njengoba isayensi. Kwavela njengenhlangano legatsha esizimele ulwazi ekhulwini XX, ke kancane kancane kwangikhanyela ukuthuthukiswa specialisation ezahlukene kanye nokwabiwa iziqondiso eziqondile ezingaphezu kwemvelo.

Kulesi simo, umqondo ngemvelo classical, ingxenye yayo esemqoka - imvelo yemvelo - lost in ezihlukahlukene amagama imigomo, nibanga isiphithiphithi. Nokumisa i-eyaziwayo ukuzama ukuqala kwesigaba ukutadisha nokuxhumana zisifake eyodwa nge imvelo (autecology). Kuqinisile ngokuya ukwabiwa Amathrendi emithathu eyinhloko isayensi: ekutadisheni uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli iyonke, imiphakathi ngabanye kanye, ekugcineni, kwezinhlobo ezithile.

Ekuhlaziyeni imiqondo

Lemvelo njengoba isayensi mayelana nokuxhumana zisifake futhi imvelo Sekuyisikhathi eside zihlukaniswe amagatsha amaningi azimele. Amanye akhiwa at kwalapho nabanye ulwazi. It isehlane amaqoqo ezifana: ngemvelo okusebenzayo kanye nomphakathi, zezibalo, nezinye geo-emvelweni. Ingxenye yendabuko igama kuvamile futhi igatsha biology.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, imvelo langempela ekuhloleni lokho ayekufundisa njengesisekelo ukuthatha izinhlobo ezahlukene ngezigaba:

• isimiso ukuxhumana yangasese izinhlangano yemvelo (autecology, synecology, labantu ngesimiso semvelo, eydekologiya);
• Systematics isimiso amayunithi taxonomic (emvelweni izitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta nokunye);
• ngesisekelo kwendawo (ngemvelo eliwumhlaba, ocean).

I nodaba salesi sihloko - iyona izigaba kwemvelo: autecology, synecology, labantu ngemvelo futhi eydekologiya.

Ngesisekelo zokunakekelwa kwemvelo

Autecology - yinhlanganisela eyala kwemvelo, okuyinto etadisha nokuxhumana imvelo kohlobo oluthile eziphilayo ummeleli. Yegama kwakhiwa kusukela ezizenzakalelayo Greek - ". Ngokwami" Igama elithi yethulwa ngo-1896 yi-sezitshalo baseSwitzerland K. Schroeter.

Ngokwesibonelo, ciliates izicathulo bephila endaweni ethile. Kwenzekani uma lishintsha nendlela sizothinta eziphilayo? Indlela eyinhloko yokufunda, esebenzisa autecology - kuyinto ukuhlola laboratory. Ngokwesibonelo, umthelela emvelweni namachibi infusorian? Futhi ziyini izindinganiso umkhawulo asidi ungawoni imisebenzi ebalulekile umzimba?

Autecology ukuhlola umkhawulo abakuzuzile yizici zemvelo ekuhloleni umthelela wabo ukusebenza evamile isidalwa esiphilayo. On lezi idatha kusekelwe wonke simiso esiphezulu lokuhlala kuvunyelwe izidakamizwa ekunqumeni nokusimama ukudla. Ngakho, autecology - oluyisisekelo ekhona zokunakekelwa kwemvelo isicelo kophawu yesimanje.

Kukhona ukuphepha izinombolo

Population ngemvelo (kusukela namademo Greek - "abantu") - ayanda ezingeni yenhlangano yeqoqo eyala kwemvelo. Into cwaningo kulesi sigaba yilezi imiphakathi eziphilayo njengeqembu eyohlobo, ekhona endaweni inikezwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izidalwa eziphilayo khona abaphili isikhathi atihambi todvwa. Basuke esihlobene nomunye, kwezinye izinto eziphilayo nendawo ezungezile.

It ngokuya ezemfundo, ubudlelwane phakathi eqenjini futhi inani labantu izinguquko zenye ehilelekile labantu ngemvelo. Ngakho-ke, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela esiphezulu amazinga kuvunyelwe namazinga kwemvelo kufanele kubhekwe ngokuhlangana "autecology - labantu ngemvelo". isayensi Imininingwane umphelelisi nezinye semininingwane eyodwa, futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Buka - iyunithi isakhi kwemvelo

Namuhla, ukwazi kwethu ukwakha eyodwa sezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ukuze sandise ulwazi zofuzo, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, Biophysics kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi ka namashumi okugcina eminyaka. Ulwazi oluthe xaxa sithola, le esilufifi ngaphezulu kuba kakhulu lo mqondo zezinto eziphilayo njengeqembu eziphilayo zifana ngezindlela eziningi izimpawu (kusukela morphological ukuba zofuzo) siyakwazi nokuzala zazo siqu, futhi abantu abahlala endaweni ethile. Ngakho-ke, lapho kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ngempela-cluster abasha of Sciences - eydekologiya (kusukela eidos Greek - "isithombe" noma "buka"). Uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa bese buthelela base ucwaningo.

Lemvelo umphakathi

Synecology (esonweni Greek - "ndawonye") - yinhlanganisela Sciences, okuyinto ubheka nesigcino imiphakathi zinhlobo ezahlukene kanye ezahlukene taxa ehlelekile. Ngo ekusebenzelaneni kwabo nabanye kanye ne yizici zemvelo. Synecology esondelene kakhulu geo-ngemvelo futhi nemvelo biocenoses. Lona cluster lelinenombolo elikhulu ezimpambanweni ne humanities eduze. Kuyingxenye emvelweni amandla njengoba iyunithi kwesakhiwo.

Uma ucabangela isayensi bendabuko ngokuvamile sichazwa eziphilayo yemvelo kanye namaqembu yemvelo ukuthi akha ngokwemvelo, siqonda budlelwane zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi izindlela uyakwazi ukuthi ukubhubhisa lezi ubudlelwano futhi uwagcine. ukuqaphela Environmental ngomqondo ebanzi, igxiliswe kusukela ebuntwaneni, kwandisa amathuba okusinda lwesintu futhi ekulondolozweni uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli planethi e uhlobo yesimanje unomphela.