Izimpahla zomphakathi. Ukwahlukanisa. izici

Uhlelo lomnotho isimo enezinto eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile. Omunye wabo kukhiqizwe kwezimpahla namasevisi izakhamuzi. Lezi zimpahla zomphakathi zisetshenziswa abantu abaningi (isibonelo, amabhuloho, ukuzivikela, njll). Njengomthetho, ukukhiqizwa ezifana ezizimele akuyona inzuzo, futhi enakekela isimo.

Uma ukuhlinzekwa inzuzo ngamunye akunakwenzeka ngaphandle nokunikeza ezinye kanye ukusetshenziswa ndawonye, ibizwa ngokuthi umphakathi okumsulwa. Isibonelo kungaba labantu ukuzivikela civil ngokuqondene ngamunye futhi wonke ngezinga elifanayo. Ngakho, okumsulwa izimpahla zomphakathi - kukhona lezimpahla nezinkonzo bazuze ukusetshenziswa okuyinto isici yasakazwa kulo umphakathi. Kulokhu, ukusetshenziswa ukusatshalaliswa akuxhomekile ukuzimisela izakhamuzi ngabanye ukuthenga noma cha ukuthenga kubo (izimpahla namasevisi).

Pure izimpahla zomphakathi anezici ezimbili. Eyokuqala - ukuntuleka umbango ukusetshenziswa - ubonisa ukuthi ukwanda isibalo abathengi Umbuso zilethwe ngamunye wabo, ungalokothi incipha. Uma okumsulwa ngezimpahla umphakathi olunikezwa umthengi ngamunye, izindleko kukhona zero. Nge inani elandayo labathengi kwenziwe izimiso ka Pareto ngcono (uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo lwangaphambilini isimo somnotho zishintshile, akekho ilahlekile ezinye abahlanganyeli ubudlelwane kwezomnotho Waze wawina).

Eyesibili sici - neisklyuchaemost - wukuthi uphrojusa izimpahla zomphakathi akunakwenzeka ukususa umsebenzisi kusukela ukusetshenziswa. Abanikezeli abakwazi ukungena ehlukile ubuhlobo kwezomnotho ikhasimende ngalinye.

Pure izimpahla zomphakathi kungukuthi uthenge emakethe. Basuke esakhokhwa uhlelo kwentela kahulumeni.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla zomphakathi kuhambisana nemiphumela emihle ngoba zonke izakhamuzi, isimiso sezomnotho kumele kahle ukuxazulula izinkinga ngeke ukusabalalisa, futhi ukunikeza umthamo ezidingekayo of umkhiqizo wabo.

Yiqiniso, ngezigaba akugcini nomqondo ukusetshenziswa yangasese futhi jikelele kanye nezici zabo. Ngakho izici osetshenziswayo kungase kudingeke lamadigri izimpawu isihlobo komunye noma ezinye izimpahla noma amasevisi obuhlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, bobabili inzuzo ezimele kanye nekahulumeni ungaba (izici noma ezinye) ngokungakhethi.

Benefit kokuba ngezinga eliphezulu selectivity futhi excludability ongaphakeme e, ngokuthi izinzuzo ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela. I imikhawulo ukusetshenziswa kanye nokusetshenziswa ezihlobene nokusebenzelana eqolo. Njengomthetho, izinzuzo ezinjalo zihlanganisa amabhishi, amapaki, izindawo zomphakathi ukuvakashelwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho babizwa nangokuthi ngokuhlanganyela. Imvelo ngokubambisana yokusetshenziswa babo bunomthelela ezingeni lelisetulu mncintiswano isimiso "okuyiwona afika kuqala, futhi umusa ayengaphansi."

Izinzuzo zokuba ezingeni eliphezulu nezinga eliphansi excludability selectivity isklyuchemymi ngokuthi ngokuhlanganyela (umphakathi). Kulokhu, ukufinyelela ukusetshenziswa yabo kungaba (nge izindleko ezincane) elinganiselwe. Kwezinye izimo, ezingeni ezinhle selectivity kungancipha ngokuhambisana ukwanda kwenani abathengi. Kulokhu, ngesikhathi esithile (a "iphuzu sindisa") ukunikeza ukusetshenziswa eyengeziwe sihlotshaniswa ukwanda izindleko ezithile - phansi Umbuso indawo ye abathengi.

Izinzuzo okuyiwona ukusetshenziswa non-mncintiswano kugcinwa ngaphakathi inombolo ethize yabasebenzisi, ngokuthi ngokweqile. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho inombolo yabasebenzisi kwandisa ukuminyana ingxenye yomgwaqo ebekelwe izimoto ke encishisiwe isivinini.

Isidingo izimpahla zomphakathi Kumiswa ngokuhambisana degree of yabo Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni ukuze abathengi isikhathi ngasinye ngentengo ezingeni elithile.