Kuyini Numismatics: definition. isayensi Numismatics

Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi Numismatics. Inchazelo kweThemu le, kanye izici ekuthuthukiseni zomlando isayensi kukhona amaqiniso ngempela ezithakazelisayo ezihlobene nabantu abaningi odumile we emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.

Numismatics unesithakazelo eziningi abantu - kangakanani ngabo zemali kukhona ukubaluleka zamasiko nezomlando, okuyiwona bazimisele ukuya sekupheleni kwezwe. Abaqoqi wonke amabutho bezama ukuthola enye uhlamvu lwemali ezingavamile nigcwalise iqoqo lakho. Khumbula futhi ukuthi uma uthanda fun kangaka, njengoba Numismatics, uhlamvu lwemali ku amanani ungaba isimanga kakhulu. Ukuze babe iqoqo yabo ngempela eqolo, idinga hhayi kuphela utshalomali yokusikwa ukubekezela, kodwa futhi semali (uma kuyisicelo izimo ngempela ezingavamile).

okusho

Kuyini Numismatics? Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi YesiGreki "nomos" kusho umthetho noma ithenda zomthetho, futhi "NOMIZMA" kakade kusho "uhlamvu". Wona Numismatics - isayensi zemali, manje kuba asizayo isiyalo zomlando ukuthi ufunda umlando lwemali futhi ayenza lezi zinhlamvu.

Umehluko phakathi ngalendoda kanye numismatist

Kukhona imibono ehlukene ngokuphelele, njengokuthi "ukubuthwa numismatic" futhi "Numismatics njengoba isayensi." Kwakuyingozi nje ngalendoda kuyoba anegunya lesabelo elikhulu e akuyona ukubaluleka komlando uhlamvu lwemali, futhi kuvamile nokuba yayo, kanye izici ezihlukahlukene kwezobuciko. Kodwa uma sikhuluma Numismatics njengoba isayensi, zemali kukhona into ebaluleke kakhulu isifundo eziningi izinqubo ezibalulekile ngokomlando kumiswa nokuwa emazweni wonke futhi yabo ubudlelwane angaphandle kwezomnotho kanye nezici zokuphila emphakathini.

Ngokwesibonelo, kuvela lezi ososayensi incike zonke izinkolelo-mbono azalelwa imali. Behlola zemali nje kuphela kodwa futhi amasheke, amakhuphoni, ukuthuthukiswa, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu ahlukahlukene nokuningi. Ngakho, kwakunesidingo ngo-1960 ibanda elithi "exonumia", okubhekise lokuqoqa ehlukahlukene exotic numismatic amathuluzi wokukhokha ukuthi ningaweli isigaba wamukelwe ngokomthetho State. Lokhu kusebenza futhi zemali esiyisikhumbuzo, zonke izinhlobo eziyisikhumbuzo ngesimo imali yamaphepha noma zemali ukuthi ikhishwa ngesikhathi celebration.

Ukubaluleka ukubukeka Numismatics

It oosznavaya ukubaluleka ukubukeka into enjalo, uyokwazi ukuqonda lokho Numismatics. Ukunqunywa ikhomba ukuthi lokhu izifundo isayensi hhayi kuphela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlamvu zemali, kodwa futhi imali yephepha, izindondo, amabheji.

Numismatics isayensi inikeza ulwazi mayelana nobudlelwane ezihlukahlukene zomnotho kwabantu bazo zonke izikhathi ezahlukene, nangenkathi. Sebenzisa zemali ungafunda okuningi mayelana nomlando wezepolitiki noma geography. Ososayensi ukutadisha ngale ndlela yokukhokha, ugcwalise izikhala ezishiyiwe endaweni amasiko nemikhuba yezizwe ngabanye nempucuko nomlando wabo ukuthuthukiswa. Yingakho Numismatics kuhlobene eduze le symbology, epigraphs, iconology, kanye art umlando.

Indaba Numismatics njengoba isayensi

uthando okunjalo, njengoba Numismatics, uvele eRoma lasendulo, kamuva fixed ngesikhathi Renaissance e-Italy, lapho basakaza phambili futhi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi abantu abahlakaniphile emhlabeni sebeqala ukubhala azibhala wafunda lesi simanga, echazwe ngokuningiliziwe lokho okushiwo yinkulumo ezihlukahlukene izithombe kanye imibhalo eyayikulo zemali.

Eckel - nale nesibongo onegunya usosayensi Austrian ezihambisana amaphepha isayensi emkhakheni Numismatics, eqinisweni, nguye owasungula le ucwaningo lokuqala ehlelekile kulesi sihloko. Ekhulwini XVIII e Vienna yanyatheliswa amavolumu eziyisishiyagalombili incwadi ethi "The Science of zemali lasendulo" I. I. Ekkelya - it is khona ngale nkathi, ukutadisha zemali zaba khona.

Izigaba ukuvela isayensi zemali

Ngakho, umlando Numismatics. Kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuphela yayo, edabula ukuthi, wafika phambi kithi ngesimo lapho siyazi kahle.

Kuyini Numismatics? Lokhu isayensi ifikile inqubo eside ekwakhekeni, eqinisweni incike ngokuphelele imali. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa kuyiphi inkathi yayidumile ngokwanele ukuba ukushintshanisa njengoba indlela kuphela usathola inzuzo bengazi ukuthi imali.

Isigaba sesibili waqala neqiniso lokuthi igolide ithathé isinyathelo lezimpahla-okulingana okuyiwona exchange kungaba yini kuphela.

Ngemva kwalokho kwakukhona uhlamvu lokuqala zegolide nezesiliva. mass State ekhiqizwa zemali engaba isisindo ezifanayo wamakhasi nokuma kwawo, futhi sibekela amahlelo value ehlukile.

Kungenxa nalesi sigaba saqala ukuzalwa Numismatics, omabhalane kuqala. imikhiqizo Barter futhi nsuku zonke nokusebenzisa impahla - into kuphela lokho yayidumile ezikhathini zasendulo.

Inala imikhiqizo siqu yenza njalo umklomelo izinto eziwusizo abendlu. Ngokuhamba aya - amagobolondo, izikhumba, izindwangu nokuningi.

Umsuka zemali

inguqulo eyodwa kuvele kanjani izinhlamvu zemali zokuqala futhi babukeka kanjani, kungekho. abacwaningi abaningi bathi enkosini Argos e Aegina kubalwa zemali zokuqala. Ingcenye encani yalokhu ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwakuhilela AbaseLydia e VI ekhulwini BC. Futhi, kukhona umbono wokuthi abakhileyo Ionia Mediterranean babesebenza kuqala BC VII leminyaka. Le mibhalo kanye izithombe zemali zibonisa ababusi enkulu, noma abalawuli bamabutho, izenzakalo zomlando kanye zezombusazwe ezibalulekile. Lokhu kusebenza imisebenzini yezempi, izingxabano zombango amandla wombuso, izinguquko zezenkolo ahlukahlukene, nokuningi.

Metal ngezinhlamvu zasendulo

Izazi eziningi ukunikeza izimpendulo ezahlukene yombuzo lokho Numismatics. Ezinye ubufakazi bokuthi abantu abanesithakazelo zemali, hhayi nje buthelela kubo emaqoqweni zabo, Tesha okuyize, okungukuthi, abacwaningi uqoqa into.

Izinhlamvu zemali e-Asia Minor naseGrisi zazenziwe isiliva negolide. China has kokuhlukanisa kokuba kubalwa zethusi yabo. Ngandlela-thile kamuva kule uhlelo baba Alloys zithandwa kakhulu futhi zitholakala ahlukahlukene. Lokhu kusebenza zethusi bilona, ngethusi. Izinhlamvu zegolide ungeze esincane zethusi - Kwatholakala Ligation, isampuli okuyinto wayezimisele njengoba ingxenyenamba isikhathi ingxenye ithusi. Isampula njalo kucaciswe nguhulumeni.

Kancane kamuva wanezela aluminiyamu, nickel, phambili nezinye izinsimbi ukuze wenze uhlamvu lwemali okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi ukugqoka ukumelana ukusebenza.

Izindaba ezimweni lapho ekhishwe uhulumeni zemali entsha, okuyinto babe ihlelo efanayo yangaphambili, kodwa ayephansi kunabantu ngekhwalithi, futhi iphesenti lezi zinsimbi eziyigugu kubo kwaba kakhulu ephansi. Lokhu sokuthotshiswa kwaba ngenye yezindlela inzuzo.

Injongo zemali lasendulo

Kuyini Numismatics? Definition of isithakazelo kwabaningi. Ukuze uqale ukuba siqonde injongo zemali.

Ngaphambili, yayisetshenziswa hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa ukuqaliswa inzuzo yemali, kodwa futhi phezu inkumbulo. ukukhululwa kwabo angase kuphelelwe kunoma isenzakalo esibalulekile. Isibonelo, lokhu kusebenza ukuqamba "ukuvakashela mints," "ukufa" noma okunye "e ukuthethelelwa kwezono." Libuye uyazi uhlamvu ekhethekile ababedlula umahluleli wesahlulelo lapho umhlala - ". Pfennig Hamburg wesahlulelo" Izinhlamvu zemali ezazenziwa lwakhe lokuzalwa futhi ngakolunye, izinsuku ezingengaphansi ezibalulekile. Isayensi Numismatics izifundo uhlamvu ngalunye enjalo ngamunye, kuhlanganisa ukunakisisa ngenxa zonke izenzakalo zomlando ukuthi yathonya ukubukeka kwayo.

Ngokulinganayo uhlamvu ethandwa "ukuvakashela mints." izibonelo neziphawulekayo yibo sethubeni 2-isitembu ekhishwe embusweni Saxony ukuvakashela AmaKhosi Mint Myuldenhyutten eminyakeni ngo-1900, kanye zemali Warsaw Mint ngoba umongameli Poland ku 1920. Ziyakwazi ikakhulukazi ezifunwayo abaqoqi lanamuhla.

Kommomerativnye zemali, impikiswano okuyinto ngokukhethekile kuphelelwe kunoma isikhathi samaholide, kakhulu kwafunwa zobuciko yesimanje.

Modern zemali eyigugu Russian

Numismatics ihlukanisa ezinye kakhulu zemali eyigugu isiRashiya, ukubaluleka okuyinto kuyahlukahluka kusuka ruble ayizigidi ukuba ama-ruble ayizigidi 400 isabelo ngasinye.

Lokhu kusebenza amasenti emihlanu ngo-2002, lapho kungekho Mint uphawu. Intengo uhlamvu enjalo - izinkulungwane ezine apiece. Ngokwesibonelo, 5 amasenti 2003 ukukhululwa aye abiza ruble 800 apiece.

Kukhona zemali, okuyiwona ngisho amabhange ungathola umvuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, 5 ruble ngo-2003, okuyinkampani eyethula Petersburg Mint, ibhange zizohlolwa e ruble 5000 isabelo ngasinye, kodwa ukubaluleka kwabo numismatic ingaphezu kwe kabili.

Omunye ruble ka 2003 Coin imi ruble ayizigidi 10. 50 amasenti 2001, ekhishwe eMoscow Mint - ayizinkulungwane 100 okungenani.

2 ruble 2001, esikhishwe YaseMoscow Mint elibiza ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-100. Kungokufanayo uya zemali namahlelo 1 ruble 2001.

Ngakho kusukela kulesi siphetho: kuba wokuzilibazisa ezibizayo - Numismatics. Amanani izinto iqoqo eziyinzuzo ngempela zidinga umzamo ngezinye izikhathi prohibitively okusezingeni eliphezulu.