Ethers. sici

Ethers kukhona izinto eziningi eziphilayo, i-molecule aqukethe ezizivelelayo hydrocarbon enamathiselwe athomu umoya-mpilo. Record simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: R'-O-R ", lapho R" futhi R 'kukhona ezizivelelayo ezifanayo noma ehlukile.

Ethers ithathwa njengokuhlola amagama ahlobene of alcohols. Lezi zinto zehlela zinamagama kwakwakhe. Isebenzisa ezizivelelayo isihloko (sinyuka isisindo yamangqamuzana) futhi, eqinisweni, igama elithi "umoya" (dimethyl ether SN3OSN3, methyl ETHYL ether S2N5OSN3 nokunye).

compounds ziyalingana R-O-R etholakala ngokuzikhandla amanzi emzimbeni intramolecular i utshwala. Kokunye molecule lapho ukuxhumana kwenzeka OH igebe, futhi enye - C-O. Ukusabela kungenziwa kubhekwe njengendlela HO-iqembu esikhundleni nucleophilic (kwelinye-molecule) iqembu RO (lomunye-molecule).

kwakwakhe Asymmetric R-O-R 'kwakheka nokuxhumana alkoxide futhi galogenouglevodoroda.

Ethers (ngokungafani alcohols yabo isomeric) eziphansi ukuncibilika ukubila amaphuzu. Samanzi axhunyiwe cishe akuhlangani. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ethers musa yakha hydrogen izibopho ngenxa ukungabi e-molecule polar O-H izibopho.

Compounds mancane asebenzayo. Banezinhliziyo ikhono aphansi kwempendulo kuka alcohols.

Ethers avame ukusetshenziswa njengoba kuphela ngenxa ikhono lazo chaza izinto eziningi eziphilayo.

Zezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa heterocyclic izinto esidi: dioxane futhi epoxide (ethylene oxide).

Eyokuqala kuphela ezinhle. Dioxane kuyinto miscible kokubili hydrocarbon namanzi. Ngenxa yalezi zimfanelo, lokhu kwakwakhe ubizwa nangokuthi "amanzi organic". Dioxane kuyinto anobuthi, kodwa ingozi eyaqopha limelela Halogen dibenzoderivatives.

cellulose esters kukhona imikhiqizo wokumelana kuyi-athomu ye-hydrogen amaqembu hydroxyl of cellulose macromolecules kukhona alkyl noma acid moieties. I zamagama yenziwa ukuze udlulisele entsha izakhiwo into, ikakhulu solubility futhi thermoplasticity. Lapho ukufaka endaweni acid izinsalela kwakhiwa eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuthi kufakwe nge alkyl ezizivelelayo - compounds elula.

Okokuqala ibhalwe inqubo acylation futhi esterification - lapho ukusabela cellulose nge acid wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic, chloride yabo acid anhydrides. Okukhulu kunakho esisebenzayo ukubaluleka ksatogenatam. Lezi zinto zehlela uzilungiselele ukusabela nge acid wezinto nokusetshenziswa kwazo womshini Cellophane kanye viscose zesivikelo sesifuba. Industrial ukubaluleka kanye cellulose nitrate. Zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni lacquers, amafilimu, ongenantuthu powder.

Phakathi zezakhi etholwe ukuphendula acid organic, embonini asetshenziswa kabanzi cellulose acetates. Zisetshenziswa ukulungiswa nezindwangu zokwenziwa, epulasitikini futhi ifilimu.

Kukhona futhi okuxubile cellulose esters. Ziqukethe ezihlukahlukene acyl futhi alkyl substituents.

Properties of ethers cellulose incike ubunjalo olukhulu. Inani futhi degree of esikhundleni futhi polymerization.

Simple compounds ephansi ukufaka endaweni kukhona oncibilikayo aqueous ane-alikhali izixazululo namanzi. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwabo njengoba thickeners kanye stabilizers e emulsions emafutheni, iphepha, zendwangu, ukudla, eyenza imithi nezinye izimboni. Kakhulu ukufaka endaweni esters (eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi elula) kukhona iyahambisana plasticizers. Zisetshenziswa womshini epulasitikini futhi upende wathola.

Umqhele ethers kukhona polyesters equkethe umoya-mpilo owengeziwe ngo-athomu indandatho. Ngokomthetho, basuke kubhekwe njengoba imikhiqizo of ethylene oxide tsiklooligomerizatsii. A impahla eziyingqayizivele lezi zakhi yikhono yakha izakhiwo kanye nosawoti ahlukahlukene ngezinto alikhali. Lezi izakhiwo akhiwa ngenxa ukuxhumana electrostatic.